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<div><h1>03 WebFlux Web CRUD 实践</h1>
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<p>上一篇基于功能性端点去创建一个简单服务，实现了 Hello。这一篇用 Spring Boot WebFlux 的注解控制层技术创建一个 CRUD WebFlux 应用，让开发更方便。这里我们不对数据库储存进行访问，因为后续会讲到，而且这里主要是讲一个完整的 WebFlux CRUD。</p>
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<h3>结构</h3>
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<p>这个工程会对城市（City）进行管理实现 CRUD 操作。该工程创建编写后，得到下面的结构，其目录结构如下：</p>
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<pre><code>├── pom.xml
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├── src
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│&nbsp;&nbsp; └── main
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│&nbsp;&nbsp; ├── java
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│&nbsp;&nbsp; │&nbsp;&nbsp; └── org
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│&nbsp;&nbsp; │&nbsp;&nbsp; └── spring
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│&nbsp;&nbsp; │&nbsp;&nbsp; └── springboot
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│&nbsp;&nbsp; │&nbsp;&nbsp; ├── Application.java
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│&nbsp;&nbsp; │&nbsp;&nbsp; ├── dao
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│&nbsp;&nbsp; │&nbsp;&nbsp; │&nbsp;&nbsp; └── CityRepository.java
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│&nbsp;&nbsp; │&nbsp;&nbsp; ├── domain
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│&nbsp;&nbsp; │&nbsp;&nbsp; │&nbsp;&nbsp; └── City.java
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│&nbsp;&nbsp; │&nbsp;&nbsp; ├── handler
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│&nbsp;&nbsp; │&nbsp;&nbsp; │&nbsp;&nbsp; └── CityHandler.java
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│&nbsp;&nbsp; │&nbsp;&nbsp; └── webflux
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│&nbsp;&nbsp; │&nbsp;&nbsp; └── controller
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│&nbsp;&nbsp; │&nbsp;&nbsp; └── CityWebFluxController.java
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│&nbsp;&nbsp; └── resources
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│&nbsp;&nbsp; └── application.properties
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└── target
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</code></pre>
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<p>如目录结构，我们需要编写的内容按顺序有：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>对象</li>
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<li>数据访问层类 Repository</li>
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<li>处理器类 Handler</li>
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<li>控制器类 Controller</li>
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</ul>
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<h3>对象</h3>
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<p>新建包 org.spring.springboot.domain，作为编写城市实体对象类。新建城市（City）对象 City，代码如下：</p>
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<pre><code>/**
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* 城市实体类
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*
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*/
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public class City {
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/**
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* 城市编号
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*/
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private Long id;
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/**
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* 省份编号
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*/
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private Long provinceId;
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/**
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* 城市名称
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*/
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private String cityName;
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/**
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* 描述
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*/
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private String description;
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public Long getId() {
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return id;
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}
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public void setId(Long id) {
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this.id = id;
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}
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public Long getProvinceId() {
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return provinceId;
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}
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public void setProvinceId(Long provinceId) {
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this.provinceId = provinceId;
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}
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public String getCityName() {
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return cityName;
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}
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public void setCityName(String cityName) {
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this.cityName = cityName;
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}
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public String getDescription() {
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return description;
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}
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public void setDescription(String description) {
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this.description = description;
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}
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>城市包含了城市编号、省份编号、城市名称和描述。具体开发中，会使用 Lombok 工具来消除冗长的 Java 代码，尤其是 POJO 的 getter / setter 方法，<a href="https://projectlombok.org">具体查看 Lombok 官网地址</a>。</p>
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<h3>数据访问层 CityRepository</h3>
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<p>新建包 org.spring.springboot.dao，作为编写城市数据访问层类 Repository。新建 CityRepository，代码如下：</p>
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<pre><code>import org.spring.springboot.domain.City;
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import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
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import java.util.Collection;
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import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
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import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
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import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
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@Repository
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public class CityRepository {
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private ConcurrentMap<Long, City> repository = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
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private static final AtomicLong idGenerator = new AtomicLong(0);
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public Long save(City city) {
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Long id = idGenerator.incrementAndGet();
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city.setId(id);
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repository.put(id, city);
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return id;
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}
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public Collection<City> findAll() {
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return repository.values();
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}
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public City findCityById(Long id) {
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return repository.get(id);
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}
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public Long updateCity(City city) {
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repository.put(city.getId(), city);
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return city.getId();
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}
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public Long deleteCity(Long id) {
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repository.remove(id);
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return id;
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}
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>@Repository 用于标注数据访问组件，即 DAO 组件。实现代码中使用名为 repository 的 Map 对象作为内存数据存储，并对对象具体实现了具体业务逻辑。CityRepository 负责将 Book 持久层（数据操作）相关的封装组织，完成新增、查询、删除等操作。</p>
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<p>这里不会涉及到数据存储这块，具体数据存储会在后续介绍。</p>
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<h3>处理器类 Handler</h3>
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<p>新建包 org.spring.springboot.handler，作为编写城市处理器类 CityHandler。新建 CityHandler，代码如下：</p>
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<pre><code>import org.spring.springboot.dao.CityRepository;
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import org.spring.springboot.domain.City;
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import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
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import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
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import reactor.core.publisher.Flux;
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import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
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@Component
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public class CityHandler {
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private final CityRepository cityRepository;
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@Autowired
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public CityHandler(CityRepository cityRepository) {
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this.cityRepository = cityRepository;
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}
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public Mono<Long> save(City city) {
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return Mono.create(cityMonoSink -> cityMonoSink.success(cityRepository.save(city)));
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}
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public Mono<City> findCityById(Long id) {
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return Mono.justOrEmpty(cityRepository.findCityById(id));
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}
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public Flux<City> findAllCity() {
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return Flux.fromIterable(cityRepository.findAll());
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}
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public Mono<Long> modifyCity(City city) {
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return Mono.create(cityMonoSink -> cityMonoSink.success(cityRepository.updateCity(city)));
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}
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public Mono<Long> deleteCity(Long id) {
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return Mono.create(cityMonoSink -> cityMonoSink.success(cityRepository.deleteCity(id)));
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}
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>@Component 泛指组件，当组件不好归类的时候，使用该注解进行标注，然后用 final 和 @Autowired 标注在构造器注入 CityRepository Bean，代码如下：</p>
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<pre><code> private final CityRepository cityRepository;
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@Autowired
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public CityHandler(CityRepository cityRepository) {
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this.cityRepository = cityRepository;
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>从返回值可以看出，Mono 和 Flux 适用于两个场景，即：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Mono：实现发布者，并返回 0 或 1 个元素，即单对象。</li>
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<li>Flux：实现发布者，并返回 N 个元素，即 List 列表对象。</li>
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</ul>
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<p>有人会问，这为啥不直接返回对象，比如返回 City/Long/List。原因是，直接使用 Flux 和 Mono 是非阻塞写法，相当于回调方式。利用函数式可以减少了回调，因此会看不到相关接口。这恰恰是 WebFlux 的好处：集合了非阻塞 + 异步。</p>
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<h3>Mono</h3>
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<p>Mono 是什么？ 官方描述如下：A Reactive Streams Publisher with basic rx operators that completes successfully by emitting an element, or with an error.</p>
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<p>Mono 是响应流 Publisher 具有基础 rx 操作符，可以成功发布元素或者错误，如图所示：</p>
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<p><img src="assets/9e9fc4aec1e96acb7cdc942aad0967e21523363.png" alt="png" /></p>
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<p>Mono 常用的方法有：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Mono.create()：使用 MonoSink 来创建 Mono。</li>
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<li>Mono.justOrEmpty()：从一个 Optional 对象或 null 对象中创建 Mono。</li>
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<li>Mono.error()：创建一个只包含错误消息的 Mono。</li>
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<li>Mono.never()：创建一个不包含任何消息通知的 Mono。</li>
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<li>Mono.delay()：在指定的延迟时间之后，创建一个 Mono，产生数字 0 作为唯一值。</li>
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</ul>
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<h3>Flux</h3>
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<p>Flux 是什么？官方描述如下：A Reactive Streams Publisher with rx operators that emits 0 to N elements, and then completes (successfully or with an error).</p>
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<p>Flux 是响应流 Publisher 具有基础 rx 操作符，可以成功发布 0 到 N 个元素或者错误。Flux 其实是 Mono 的一个补充，如图所示：</p>
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<p><img src="assets/37dd113ad50858e41d17143911696e401523363.png" alt="png" /></p>
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<p>所以要注意：如果知道 Publisher 是 0 或 1 个，则用 Mono。</p>
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<p>Flux 最值得一提的是 fromIterable 方法，fromIterable(Iterable it) 可以发布 Iterable 类型的元素。当然，Flux 也包含了基础的操作：map、merge、concat、flatMap、take，这里就不展开介绍了。</p>
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<h3>控制器类 Controller</h3>
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<p>Spring Boot WebFlux 开发中，不需要配置。Spring Boot WebFlux 可以使用自动配置加注解驱动的模式来进行开发。</p>
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<p>新建包目录 org.spring.springboot.webflux.controller，并在目录中创建名为 CityWebFluxController 来处理不同的 HTTP Restful 业务请求。代码如下：</p>
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<pre><code>import org.spring.springboot.domain.City;
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import org.spring.springboot.handler.CityHandler;
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import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
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import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
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import reactor.core.publisher.Flux;
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import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
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@RestController
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@RequestMapping(value = "/city")
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public class CityWebFluxController {
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@Autowired
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private CityHandler cityHandler;
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@GetMapping(value = "/{id}")
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public Mono<City> findCityById(@PathVariable("id") Long id) {
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return cityHandler.findCityById(id);
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}
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@GetMapping()
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public Flux<City> findAllCity() {
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return cityHandler.findAllCity();
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}
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@PostMapping()
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public Mono<Long> saveCity(@RequestBody City city) {
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return cityHandler.save(city);
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}
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@PutMapping()
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public Mono<Long> modifyCity(@RequestBody City city) {
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return cityHandler.modifyCity(city);
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}
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@DeleteMapping(value = "/{id}")
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public Mono<Long> deleteCity(@PathVariable("id") Long id) {
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return cityHandler.deleteCity(id);
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}
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>这里按照 REST 风格实现接口，那具体什么是 REST?</p>
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<p>REST 是属于 Web 自身的一种架构风格，是在 HTTP 1.1 规范下实现的。Representational State Transfer 全称翻译为表现层状态转化。Resource：资源。比如 newsfeed；Representational：表现形式，比如用 JSON、富文本等；State Transfer：状态变化。通过 HTTP 动作实现。</p>
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<p>理解 REST，要明白五个关键要素：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>资源（Resource）</li>
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<li>资源的表述（Representation）</li>
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<li>状态转移（State Transfer）</li>
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<li>统一接口（Uniform Interface）</li>
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<li>超文本驱动（Hypertext Driven）</li>
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</ul>
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<p>6 个主要特性：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>面向资源（Resource Oriented）</li>
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<li>可寻址（Addressability）</li>
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<li>连通性（Connectedness）</li>
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<li>无状态（Statelessness）</li>
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<li>统一接口（Uniform Interface）</li>
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<li>超文本驱动（Hypertext Driven）</li>
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</ul>
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<p>具体这里就不一一展开，<a href="http://www.infoq.com/cn/articles/understanding-restful-style">详见这里</a>。</p>
|
||
<p>请求入参、Filters、重定向、Conversion、formatting 等知识会和以前 MVC 的知识一样，<a href="https://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/current/spring-framework-reference/web-reactive.html">详情见文档</a>。</p>
|
||
<h3>运行工程</h3>
|
||
<p>一个 CRUD 的 Spring Boot Webflux 工程就开发完毕了，下面运行工程验证下。使用 IDEA 右侧工具栏，点击 Maven Project Tab，点击使用下 Maven 插件的 install 命令，或者使用命令行的形式，在工程根目录下，执行 Maven 清理和安装工程的指令：</p>
|
||
<pre><code>cd springboot-webflux-2-restful
|
||
mvn clean install
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>在控制台中看到成功的输出：</p>
|
||
<pre><code>... 省略
|
||
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
|
||
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
[INFO] Total time: 01:30 min
|
||
[INFO] Finished at: 2017-10-15T10:00:54+08:00
|
||
[INFO] Final Memory: 31M/174M
|
||
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>在 IDEA 中执行 Application 类启动，任意正常模式或者 Debug 模式。可以在控制台看到成功运行的输出：</p>
|
||
<pre><code>... 省略
|
||
2018-04-10 08:43:39.932 INFO 2052 --- [ctor-http-nio-1] r.ipc.netty.tcp.BlockingNettyContext : Started HttpServer on /0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:8080
|
||
2018-04-10 08:43:39.935 INFO 2052 --- [ main] o.s.b.web.embedded.netty.NettyWebServer : Netty started on port(s): 8080
|
||
2018-04-10 08:43:39.960 INFO 2052 --- [ main] org.spring.springboot.Application : Started Application in 6.547 seconds (JVM running for 9.851)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>打开 POST MAN 工具，开发必备。进行下面操作：</p>
|
||
<p>新增城市信息 POST http://127.0.0.1:8080/city</p>
|
||
<p><img src="assets/7ac13ad0583cc4e4ac49f6b9281706551523362.png" alt="png" /></p>
|
||
<p>获取城市信息列表 GET http://127.0.0.1:8080/city</p>
|
||
<p><img src="assets/0fad82f29463fc7fe35900030500a0491523362.png" alt="png" /></p>
|
||
<p>其他接口就不演示了。</p>
|
||
<h3>总结</h3>
|
||
<p>这里，探讨了 Spring WebFlux 的一些功能，构建没有底层数据库的基本 CRUD 工程。为了更好的展示了如何创建 Flux 流，以及如何对其进行操作，下篇内容会讲到如何操作数据存储。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
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||
<div>
|
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<div style="float: left">
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<a href="/专栏/案例上手 Spring Boot WebFlux（完）/02 WebFlux 快速入门实践.md.html">上一页</a>
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<div style="float: right">
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<a href="/专栏/案例上手 Spring Boot WebFlux（完）/04 WebFlux 整合 MongoDB.md.html">下一页</a>
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