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<div><h1>20 扩展增强：Dashboard</h1>
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<h2>整体概览</h2>
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<p>通过前面的介绍，想必你已经迫不及待的想要将应用部署至 K8S 中，但总是使用 <code>kubectl</code> 或者 <code>Helm</code> 等命令行工具也许不太直观，你可能想要一眼就看到集群当前的状态，或者想要更方便的对集群进行管理。</p>
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<p>本节将介绍一个 Web 项目 <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard"><code>Dashboard</code></a> 可用于部署容器化的应用程序，管理集群中的资源，甚至是排查和解决问题。</p>
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<p>当然它和大多数 Dashboard 类的项目类似，也为集群的状态提供了一个很直观的展示。</p>
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<p><img src="assets/167d6b6e66c60e89" alt="img" /></p>
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<h2>如何安装</h2>
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<p>要想使用 Dashboard，首先我们需要安装它，而 Dashboard 的安装其实也很简单。不过对于国内用户需要注意的是需要解决网络问题，或替换镜像地址等。</p>
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<p>这里我们安装当前最新版 <code>v1.10.1</code> 的 Dashboard：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>对于已经解决网络问题的用户：</p>
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<p>可使用官方推荐做法进行安装，以下链接是使用了我提交了 path 的版本，由于官方最近的一次更新导致配置文件中的镜像搞错了。</p>
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<pre><code>master $ kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tao12345666333/dashboard/67970554aa9275cccec1d1ee5fbf89ae81b3b614/aio/deploy/recommended/kubernetes-dashboard.yaml
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secret/kubernetes-dashboard-certs created
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serviceaccount/kubernetes-dashboard created
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role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard-minimal created
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rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard-minimal created
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deployment.apps/kubernetes-dashboard created
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service/kubernetes-dashboard created
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</code></pre>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>也可使用我修改过的这份（使用 Docker Hub 同步了镜像）仓库地址 <a href="https://github.com/tao12345666333/k8s-dashboard">GitHub</a>, 国内 <a href="https://gitee.com/K8S-release/k8s-dashboard">Gitee</a>：</p>
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<pre><code>master $ kubectl apply -f https://gitee.com/K8S-release/k8s-dashboard/raw/master/kubernetes-dashboard.yaml
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secret/kubernetes-dashboard-certs created
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serviceaccount/kubernetes-dashboard created
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role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard-minimal created
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rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard-minimal created
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deployment.apps/kubernetes-dashboard created
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service/kubernetes-dashboard created
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</code></pre>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>当已经执行完以上步骤后，可检查下是否安装成功：</p>
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<pre><code>master $ kubectl -n kube-system get all -l k8s-app=kubernetes-dashboard
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NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
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pod/kubernetes-dashboard-67896bc598-dhdpz 1/1 Running 0 3m
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NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
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service/kubernetes-dashboard ClusterIP 10.109.92.207 <none> 443/TCP 3m
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NAME DESIRED CURRENT UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
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deployment.apps/kubernetes-dashboard 1 1 1 1 3m
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NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
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replicaset.apps/kubernetes-dashboard-67896bc598 1 1 1 3m
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</code></pre>
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<p>可以看到 <code>Pod</code> 已经在正常运行，接下来便是访问 Dashboard.</p>
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<h2>访问 Dashboard</h2>
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<p>以当前的部署方式，<code>Service</code> 使用了 <code>ClusterIP</code> 的类型，所以在集群外不能直接访问。我们先使用 <code>kubectl</code> 提供的 <code>port-forward</code> 功能进行访问。</p>
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<pre><code>master $ kubectl -n kube-system port-forward pod/kubernetes-dashboard-67896bc598-dhdpz 8443
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Forwarding from 127.0.0.1:8443 -> 8443
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Forwarding from [::1]:8443 -> 8443
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</code></pre>
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<p>还记得，我们在第 5 节时候安装过一个名为 <code>socat</code> 的依赖项吗？ <code>socat</code> 的主要功能便是端口转发。</p>
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<p>现在在浏览器打开 <a href="https://127.0.0.1:8443/"><code>https://127.0.0.1:8443</code></a> 便可看到如下的登录界面。</p>
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<p><img src="assets/167d6b787d0a2779" alt="img" /></p>
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<p>对于我们的 <strong>新版本</strong> 而言，我们 <strong>使用令牌登录</strong> 的方式。</p>
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<h3>查找 Token</h3>
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<pre><code>master $ kubectl -n kube-system get serviceaccount -l k8s-app=kubernetes-dashboard -o yaml
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apiVersion: v1
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items:
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- apiVersion: v1
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kind: ServiceAccount
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metadata:
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annotations:
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kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: |
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{"apiVersion":"v1","kind":"ServiceAccount","metadata":{"annotations":{},"labels":{"k8s-app":"kubernetes-dashboard"},"name":"kubernetes-dashboard","namespace":"kube-system"}}
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creationTimestamp: 2018-12-20T17:27:14Z
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labels:
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k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
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name: kubernetes-dashboard
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namespace: kube-system
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resourceVersion: "1400"
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selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/serviceaccounts/kubernetes-dashboard
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uid: 7e01ddda-047c-11e9-b55c-0242ac11002a
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secrets:
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- name: kubernetes-dashboard-token-6ck2l
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kind: List
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metadata:
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resourceVersion: ""
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selfLink: ""
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</code></pre>
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<p>首先，我们查看刚才创建出的 <code>serviceaccount</code> 可以看到其中有配置 <code>secrets</code> 。</p>
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<p>查看该 <code>secret</code> 详情获得 Token</p>
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<pre><code>master $ kubectl -n kube-system describe secrets kubernetes-dashboard-token-6ck2l
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Name: kubernetes-dashboard-token-6ck2l
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Namespace: kube-system
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Labels: <none>
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Annotations: kubernetes.io/service-account.name=kubernetes-dashboard
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kubernetes.io/service-account.uid=7e01ddda-047c-11e9-b55c-0242ac11002a
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Type: kubernetes.io/service-account-token
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Data
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====
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ca.crt: 1025 bytes
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namespace: 11 bytes
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|
||
token: eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IiJ9.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.WZ5YRUkGlKRSpkBFCk3BrZ6p2t1qVxEs7Kb18DP5X2C2lfMhDrB931PeN05uByLD6biz_4IQvKh4xmvY2RqekfV1BLCfcIiMUbc1lcXGbhH4g4vrsjYx3NZifaBh_5HuBlEL5zs5e_zFkPEhhIqjsY3KueFEuGwxTAsqGBQwawc-v6wqzB3Gzb01o1iN5aTb37PVG5gTTE8cQLih_urKhvdNEKBSRg_zHQlYjFrtUUWYRYMlYz_sWmamYVXHy_7NvKrBfw44WU5tLxMITkoUEGVwROBnHf_BcWVedozLg2uLVontB12YvhmTfJCDEAJ8o937bS-Fq3tLfu_xM40fqw
|
||
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>将此处的 token 填入输入框内便可登录，<strong>注意这里使用的是 describe。</strong></p>
|
||
|
||
<p><img src="assets/167d6b926b4eed4d" alt="img" /></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3>修正权限</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>但是我们注意到这里有很多提示 <code>configmaps is forbidden: User "system:serviceaccount:kube-system:kubernetes-dashboard" cannot list resource "configmaps" in API group "" in the namespace "default"</code> 。根据我们前面的介绍，这很明显就是用户权限不足。</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>我们已经知道，当前我们的集群是开启了 <code>RBAC</code> 的，所以这里我们还是以前面学到的方法创建一个用户并进行授权。</p>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li>
|
||
|
||
<p>创建 ServiceAccount：</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code>apiVersion: v1
|
||
|
||
kind: ServiceAccount
|
||
|
||
metadata:
|
||
|
||
name: admin-user
|
||
|
||
namespace: kube-system
|
||
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>
|
||
|
||
<p>创建 RoleBinding: 这里为了方便直接绑定了 <code>cluster-admin</code> 的 ClusterRole ，但是生产环境下，请按照实际情况进行授权，参考前面第 8 节相关的内容。</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code>apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
|
||
|
||
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
|
||
|
||
metadata:
|
||
|
||
name: admin-user
|
||
|
||
roleRef:
|
||
|
||
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
|
||
|
||
kind: ClusterRole
|
||
|
||
name: cluster-admin
|
||
|
||
subjects:
|
||
|
||
- kind: ServiceAccount
|
||
|
||
name: admin-user
|
||
|
||
namespace: kube-system
|
||
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>使用以上配置创建了用户和绑定，然后还是同样的办法获取 Token。</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>点击 Dashboard 右上角，退出登录后，重新使用新的 Token 进行登录。登录完成后便可看到如下图：</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><img src="assets/167d6b9e22f03343" alt="img" /></p>
|
||
|
||
<h2>部署应用</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>点击右上角的 <strong>+创建</strong> 可进入创建页面，现在支持三种模式：从文本框输入；从文件创建；直接创建应用。</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>我们仍然以我们的示例项目 <a href="https://github.com/tao12345666333/saythx">SayThx</a> 为例。先 <code>clone</code> 该项目，并进入项目的 <code>deploy</code> 目录中。将 <code>namespace.yaml</code> 的内容复制进输入框，点击上传按钮，便可创建名为 <code>work</code> 的 <code>Namespace</code> 了。</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>通过以下命令验证：</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre><code>master $ kubectl get ns
|
||
|
||
NAME STATUS AGE
|
||
|
||
default Active 2h
|
||
|
||
kube-public Active 2h
|
||
|
||
kube-system Active 2h
|
||
|
||
work Active 10s
|
||
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>可以看到 Namespace 已经创建成功。或者刷新下网页，点击左侧的命名空间即可看到当前的所有 <code>Namespace</code> 。</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><img src="assets/167d6ba21937e5ca" alt="img" /></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>我们先将左侧的命名空间选择为 <strong>全部命名空间</strong> 或 <strong>work</strong> (当刷新过网页后) ，接下来继续点击右上角的 <strong>+创建</strong> 按钮，将 <code>redis-deployment.yaml</code> 的内容复制进输入框，点击上传按钮，部署 Redis 。</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>部署成功后，点击 部署 ，点击刚才的 <code>saythx-redis</code> 便可看到其详情。</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><img src="assets/167d6ba5e9d8d5a9" alt="img" /></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>点击左侧的容器组，便可看到刚才部署的 Pod，</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><img src="assets/167d6ba94e0db733" alt="img" /></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>在此页面的右上角，可以点击命令行按钮，打开新标签页进入其内部执行命令。</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><img src="assets/167d6bac91d8f387" alt="img" /></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>或者是点击日志按钮，可打开新标签页，查看日志。</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><img src="assets/167d6bafed569ab1" alt="img" /></p>
|
||
|
||
<h2>总结</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>本节我们介绍了 <code>Kubernetes Dashboard</code> 的基本功能，以及如何安装和使用它。</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Dashboard 相比 <code>kubectl</code> 为用户提供了一种相对直观的 Web 端操作方式，但是并不能完全取代 <code>kubectl</code>，这两者应该是相辅相成的。</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>如果你所需的功能相对简单或是想要给某些用户提供一种通过 Web 操作的方式，那便推荐使用 Dashboard。Dashboard 的后端使用了 K8S 的 <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/client-go"><code>client-go</code></a> ，前端主要使用了 <a href="https://angular.io/">Angular</a>，有兴趣可以大致看看其源代码，对于开发基于 K8S 的云平台会有些启发。</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>下节，我们将介绍用于 DNS 和服务发现的插件 <a href="https://coredns.io/">CoreDNS</a>，学习如何利用它完成这些需求。并且它在 K8S 1.13 版本中，已经成为了默认的 DNS server。</p>
|
||
|
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</div>
|
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|
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|
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<div>
|
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