mirror of
https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo.git
synced 2026-08-13 12:20:57 +00:00
Translate all code to English (#1836)
* Review the EN heading format. * Fix pythontutor headings. * Fix pythontutor headings. * bug fixes * Fix headings in **/summary.md * Revisit the CN-to-EN translation for Python code using Claude-4.5 * Revisit the CN-to-EN translation for Java code using Claude-4.5 * Revisit the CN-to-EN translation for Cpp code using Claude-4.5. * Fix the dictionary. * Fix cpp code translation for the multipart strings. * Translate Go code to English. * Update workflows to test EN code. * Add EN translation for C. * Add EN translation for CSharp. * Add EN translation for Swift. * Trigger the CI check. * Revert. * Update en/hash_map.md * Add the EN version of Dart code. * Add the EN version of Kotlin code. * Add missing code files. * Add the EN version of JavaScript code. * Add the EN version of TypeScript code. * Fix the workflows. * Add the EN version of Ruby code. * Add the EN version of Rust code. * Update the CI check for the English version code. * Update Python CI check. * Fix cmakelists for en/C code. * Fix Ruby comments
This commit is contained in:
Yudong Jin
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
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/**
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* File: iteration.dart
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* Created Time: 2023-08-27
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* Author: liuyuxin (gvenusleo@gmail.com)
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*/
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/* for loop */
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int forLoop(int n) {
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int res = 0;
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// Sum 1, 2, ..., n-1, n
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for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
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res += i;
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}
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return res;
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}
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/* while loop */
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int whileLoop(int n) {
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int res = 0;
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int i = 1; // Initialize condition variable
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// Sum 1, 2, ..., n-1, n
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while (i <= n) {
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res += i;
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i++; // Update condition variable
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}
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return res;
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}
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/* while loop (two updates) */
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int whileLoopII(int n) {
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int res = 0;
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int i = 1; // Initialize condition variable
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// Sum 1, 4, 10, ...
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while (i <= n) {
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res += i;
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// Update condition variable
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i++;
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i *= 2;
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}
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return res;
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}
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/* Nested for loop */
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String nestedForLoop(int n) {
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String res = "";
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// Loop i = 1, 2, ..., n-1, n
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for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
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// Loop j = 1, 2, ..., n-1, n
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for (int j = 1; j <= n; j++) {
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res += "($i, $j), ";
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}
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}
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return res;
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}
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/* Driver Code */
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void main() {
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int n = 5;
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int res;
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res = forLoop(n);
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print("\nFor loop sum result res = $res");
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res = whileLoop(n);
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print("\nWhile loop sum result res = $res");
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res = whileLoopII(n);
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print("\nWhile loop (two updates) sum result res = $res");
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String resStr = nestedForLoop(n);
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print("\nNested for loop result $resStr");
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}
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@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
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/**
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* File: recursion.dart
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* Created Time: 2023-08-27
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* Author: liuyuxin (gvenusleo@gmail.com)
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*/
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/* Recursion */
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int recur(int n) {
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// Termination condition
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if (n == 1) return 1;
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// Recurse: recursive call
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int res = recur(n - 1);
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// Return: return result
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return n + res;
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}
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/* Simulate recursion using iteration */
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int forLoopRecur(int n) {
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// Use an explicit stack to simulate the system call stack
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List<int> stack = [];
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int res = 0;
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// Recurse: recursive call
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for (int i = n; i > 0; i--) {
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// Simulate "recurse" with "push"
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stack.add(i);
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}
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// Return: return result
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while (!stack.isEmpty) {
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// Simulate "return" with "pop"
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res += stack.removeLast();
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}
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// res = 1+2+3+...+n
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return res;
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}
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/* Tail recursion */
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int tailRecur(int n, int res) {
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// Termination condition
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if (n == 0) return res;
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// Tail recursive call
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return tailRecur(n - 1, res + n);
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}
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/* Fibonacci sequence: recursion */
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int fib(int n) {
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// Termination condition f(1) = 0, f(2) = 1
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if (n == 1 || n == 2) return n - 1;
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// Recursive call f(n) = f(n-1) + f(n-2)
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int res = fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2);
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// Return result f(n)
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return res;
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}
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/* Driver Code */
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void main() {
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int n = 5;
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int res;
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res = recur(n);
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print("\nRecursion sum result res = $res");
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res = tailRecur(n, 0);
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print("\nTail recursion sum result res = $res");
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res = forLoopRecur(n);
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print("\nUsing iteration to simulate recursion sum result res = $res");
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res = fib(n);
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print("\nThe ${n}th Fibonacci number is $res");
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}
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@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
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/**
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* File: space_complexity.dart
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* Created Time: 2023-2-12
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* Author: Jefferson (JeffersonHuang77@gmail.com)
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*/
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// ignore_for_file: unused_local_variable
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import 'dart:collection';
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import '../utils/list_node.dart';
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import '../utils/print_util.dart';
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import '../utils/tree_node.dart';
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/* Function */
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int function() {
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// Perform some operations
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return 0;
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}
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/* Constant order */
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void constant(int n) {
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// Constants, variables, objects occupy O(1) space
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final int a = 0;
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int b = 0;
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List<int> nums = List.filled(10000, 0);
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ListNode node = ListNode(0);
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// Variables in the loop occupy O(1) space
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for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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int c = 0;
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}
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// Functions in the loop occupy O(1) space
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for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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function();
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}
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}
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/* Linear order */
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void linear(int n) {
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// Array of length n uses O(n) space
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List<int> nums = List.filled(n, 0);
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// A list of length n occupies O(n) space
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List<ListNode> nodes = [];
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for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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nodes.add(ListNode(i));
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}
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// A hash table of length n occupies O(n) space
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Map<int, String> map = HashMap();
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for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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map.putIfAbsent(i, () => i.toString());
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}
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}
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/* Linear order (recursive implementation) */
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void linearRecur(int n) {
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print('Recursion n = $n');
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if (n == 1) return;
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linearRecur(n - 1);
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}
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/* Exponential order */
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void quadratic(int n) {
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// Matrix uses O(n^2) space
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List<List<int>> numMatrix = List.generate(n, (_) => List.filled(n, 0));
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// 2D list uses O(n^2) space
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List<List<int>> numList = [];
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for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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List<int> tmp = [];
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for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
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tmp.add(0);
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}
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numList.add(tmp);
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}
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}
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/* Quadratic order (recursive implementation) */
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int quadraticRecur(int n) {
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if (n <= 0) return 0;
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List<int> nums = List.filled(n, 0);
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print('In recursion n = $n, nums length = ${nums.length}');
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return quadraticRecur(n - 1);
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}
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/* Driver Code */
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TreeNode? buildTree(int n) {
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if (n == 0) return null;
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TreeNode root = TreeNode(0);
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root.left = buildTree(n - 1);
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root.right = buildTree(n - 1);
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return root;
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}
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/* Driver Code */
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void main() {
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int n = 5;
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// Constant order
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constant(n);
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// Linear order
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linear(n);
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linearRecur(n);
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// Exponential order
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quadratic(n);
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quadraticRecur(n);
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// Exponential order
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TreeNode? root = buildTree(n);
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printTree(root);
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}
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@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
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/**
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* File: time_complexity.dart
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* Created Time: 2023-02-12
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* Author: Jefferson (JeffersonHuang77@gmail.com)
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*/
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// ignore_for_file: unused_local_variable
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/* Constant order */
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int constant(int n) {
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int count = 0;
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int size = 100000;
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for (var i = 0; i < size; i++) {
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count++;
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}
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return count;
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}
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/* Linear order */
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int linear(int n) {
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int count = 0;
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for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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count++;
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}
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return count;
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}
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/* Linear order (traversing array) */
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int arrayTraversal(List<int> nums) {
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int count = 0;
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// Number of iterations is proportional to the array length
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for (var _num in nums) {
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count++;
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}
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return count;
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}
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/* Exponential order */
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int quadratic(int n) {
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int count = 0;
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// Number of iterations is quadratically related to the data size n
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for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
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count++;
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}
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}
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return count;
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}
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/* Quadratic order (bubble sort) */
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int bubbleSort(List<int> nums) {
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int count = 0; // Counter
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// Outer loop: unsorted range is [0, i]
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for (var i = nums.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
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// Inner loop: swap the largest element in the unsorted range [0, i] to the rightmost end of that range
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for (var j = 0; j < i; j++) {
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if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
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// Swap nums[j] and nums[j + 1]
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int tmp = nums[j];
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nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
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nums[j + 1] = tmp;
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count += 3; // Element swap includes 3 unit operations
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}
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}
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}
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return count;
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}
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/* Exponential order (loop implementation) */
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int exponential(int n) {
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int count = 0, base = 1;
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// Cells divide into two every round, forming sequence 1, 2, 4, 8, ..., 2^(n-1)
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for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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for (var j = 0; j < base; j++) {
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count++;
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}
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base *= 2;
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}
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// count = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + .. + 2^(n-1) = 2^n - 1
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return count;
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}
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/* Exponential order (recursive implementation) */
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int expRecur(int n) {
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if (n == 1) return 1;
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return expRecur(n - 1) + expRecur(n - 1) + 1;
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}
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/* Logarithmic order (loop implementation) */
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int logarithmic(int n) {
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int count = 0;
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while (n > 1) {
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n = n ~/ 2;
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count++;
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}
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return count;
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}
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/* Logarithmic order (recursive implementation) */
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int logRecur(int n) {
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if (n <= 1) return 0;
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return logRecur(n ~/ 2) + 1;
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}
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/* Linearithmic order */
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int linearLogRecur(int n) {
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if (n <= 1) return 1;
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int count = linearLogRecur(n ~/ 2) + linearLogRecur(n ~/ 2);
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for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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count++;
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}
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return count;
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}
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/* Factorial order (recursive implementation) */
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int factorialRecur(int n) {
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if (n == 0) return 1;
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int count = 0;
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// Split from 1 into n
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for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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count += factorialRecur(n - 1);
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}
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return count;
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}
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/* Driver Code */
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void main() {
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// You can modify n to run and observe the trend of the number of operations for various complexities
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int n = 8;
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print('Input data size n = $n');
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int count = constant(n);
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print('Constant-time operations count = $count');
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count = linear(n);
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print('Linear-time operations count = $count');
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count = arrayTraversal(List.filled(n, 0));
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print('Linear-time (array traversal) operations count = $count');
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count = quadratic(n);
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print('Quadratic-time operations count = $count');
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final nums = List.filled(n, 0);
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for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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nums[i] = n - i; // [n,n-1,...,2,1]
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}
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count = bubbleSort(nums);
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print('Quadratic-time (bubble sort) operations count = $count');
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count = exponential(n);
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print('Exponential-time (iterative) operations count = $count');
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count = expRecur(n);
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print('Exponential-time (recursive) operations count = $count');
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count = logarithmic(n);
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print('Logarithmic-time (iterative) operations count = $count');
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count = logRecur(n);
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print('Logarithmic-time (recursive) operations count = $count');
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count = linearLogRecur(n);
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print('Linearithmic-time (recursive) operations count = $count');
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count = factorialRecur(n);
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print('Factorial-time (recursive) operations count = $count');
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}
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@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
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/**
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* File: worst_best_time_complexity.dart
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* Created Time: 2023-02-12
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* Author: Jefferson (JeffersonHuang77@gmail.com)
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*/
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/* Generate an array with elements { 1, 2, ..., n }, order shuffled */
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List<int> randomNumbers(int n) {
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final nums = List.filled(n, 0);
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// Generate array nums = { 1, 2, 3, ..., n }
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for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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nums[i] = i + 1;
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}
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// Randomly shuffle array elements
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nums.shuffle();
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return nums;
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}
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/* Find the index of number 1 in array nums */
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int findOne(List<int> nums) {
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for (var i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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// When element 1 is at the head of the array, best time complexity O(1) is achieved
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// When element 1 is at the tail of the array, worst time complexity O(n) is achieved
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if (nums[i] == 1) return i;
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}
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return -1;
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}
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/* Driver Code */
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void main() {
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for (var i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
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int n = 100;
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final nums = randomNumbers(n);
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int index = findOne(nums);
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print('\nArray [ 1, 2, ..., n ] after shuffling = $nums');
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print('Index of number 1 is + $index');
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}
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}
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