Translate all code to English (#1836)

* Review the EN heading format.

* Fix pythontutor headings.

* Fix pythontutor headings.

* bug fixes

* Fix headings in **/summary.md

* Revisit the CN-to-EN translation for Python code using Claude-4.5

* Revisit the CN-to-EN translation for Java code using Claude-4.5

* Revisit the CN-to-EN translation for Cpp code using Claude-4.5.

* Fix the dictionary.

* Fix cpp code translation for the multipart strings.

* Translate Go code to English.

* Update workflows to test EN code.

* Add EN translation for C.

* Add EN translation for CSharp.

* Add EN translation for Swift.

* Trigger the CI check.

* Revert.

* Update en/hash_map.md

* Add the EN version of Dart code.

* Add the EN version of Kotlin code.

* Add missing code files.

* Add the EN version of JavaScript code.

* Add the EN version of TypeScript code.

* Fix the workflows.

* Add the EN version of Ruby code.

* Add the EN version of Rust code.

* Update the CI check for the English version  code.

* Update Python CI check.

* Fix cmakelists for en/C code.

* Fix Ruby comments
This commit is contained in:
Yudong Jin
2025-12-31 07:44:52 +08:00
committed by GitHub
parent 45e1295241
commit 2778a6f9c7
1284 changed files with 71557 additions and 3275 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
/**
* File: bubble_sort.dart
* Created Time: 2023-02-14
* Author: what-is-me (whatisme@outlook.jp)
*/
/* Bubble sort */
void bubbleSort(List<int> nums) {
// Outer loop: unsorted range is [0, i]
for (int i = nums.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
// Inner loop: swap the largest element in the unsorted range [0, i] to the rightmost end of that range
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
// Swap nums[j] and nums[j + 1]
int tmp = nums[j];
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
nums[j + 1] = tmp;
}
}
}
}
/* Bubble sort (flag optimization) */
void bubbleSortWithFlag(List<int> nums) {
// Outer loop: unsorted range is [0, i]
for (int i = nums.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
bool flag = false; // Initialize flag
// Inner loop: swap the largest element in the unsorted range [0, i] to the rightmost end of that range
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
// Swap nums[j] and nums[j + 1]
int tmp = nums[j];
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
nums[j + 1] = tmp;
flag = true; // Record element swap
}
}
if (!flag) break; // No elements were swapped in this round of "bubbling", exit directly
}
}
/* Driver Code */
void main() {
List<int> nums = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2];
bubbleSort(nums);
print("After bubble sort, nums = $nums");
List<int> nums1 = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2];
bubbleSortWithFlag(nums1);
print("After bubble sort, nums1 = $nums1");
}
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
/**
* File: bucket_sort.dart
* Created Time: 2023-05-12
* Author: Jefferson (JeffersonHuang77@gmail.com)
*/
/* Bucket sort */
void bucketSort(List<double> nums) {
// Initialize k = n/2 buckets, expected to allocate 2 elements per bucket
int k = nums.length ~/ 2;
List<List<double>> buckets = List.generate(k, (index) => []);
// 1. Distribute array elements into various buckets
for (double _num in nums) {
// Input data range is [0, 1), use _num * k to map to index range [0, k-1]
int i = (_num * k).toInt();
// Add _num to bucket bucket_idx
buckets[i].add(_num);
}
// 2. Sort each bucket
for (List<double> bucket in buckets) {
bucket.sort();
}
// 3. Traverse buckets to merge results
int i = 0;
for (List<double> bucket in buckets) {
for (double _num in bucket) {
nums[i++] = _num;
}
}
}
/* Driver Code*/
void main() {
// Assume input data is floating point, interval [0, 1)
final nums = [0.49, 0.96, 0.82, 0.09, 0.57, 0.43, 0.91, 0.75, 0.15, 0.37];
bucketSort(nums);
print('After bucket sort, nums = $nums');
}
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
/**
* File: counting_sort.dart
* Created Time: 2023-05-12
* Author: Jefferson (JeffersonHuang77@gmail.com)
*/
import 'dart:math';
/* Counting sort */
// Simple implementation, cannot be used for sorting objects
void countingSortNaive(List<int> nums) {
// 1. Count the maximum element m in the array
int m = 0;
for (int _num in nums) {
m = max(m, _num);
}
// 2. Count the occurrence of each number
// counter[_num] represents occurrence count of _num
List<int> counter = List.filled(m + 1, 0);
for (int _num in nums) {
counter[_num]++;
}
// 3. Traverse counter, filling each element back into the original array nums
int i = 0;
for (int _num = 0; _num < m + 1; _num++) {
for (int j = 0; j < counter[_num]; j++, i++) {
nums[i] = _num;
}
}
}
/* Counting sort */
// Complete implementation, can sort objects and is a stable sort
void countingSort(List<int> nums) {
// 1. Count the maximum element m in the array
int m = 0;
for (int _num in nums) {
m = max(m, _num);
}
// 2. Count the occurrence of each number
// counter[_num] represents occurrence count of _num
List<int> counter = List.filled(m + 1, 0);
for (int _num in nums) {
counter[_num]++;
}
// 3. Calculate the prefix sum of counter, converting "occurrence count" to "tail index"
// That is, counter[_num]-1 is the last occurrence index of _num in res
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
counter[i + 1] += counter[i];
}
// 4. Traverse nums in reverse order, placing each element into the result array res
// Initialize the array res to record results
int n = nums.length;
List<int> res = List.filled(n, 0);
for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
int _num = nums[i];
res[counter[_num] - 1] = _num; // Place _num at corresponding index
counter[_num]--; // Decrement prefix sum by 1 to get next placement index for _num
}
// Use result array res to overwrite the original array nums
nums.setAll(0, res);
}
/* Driver Code*/
void main() {
final nums = [1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 4, 0, 2, 2, 4];
countingSortNaive(nums);
print('After counting sort (cannot sort objects), nums = $nums');
final nums1 = [1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 4, 0, 2, 2, 4];
countingSort(nums1);
print('After counting sort, nums1 = $nums1');
}
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
/**
* File: heap_sort.dart
* Created Time: 2023-06-01
* Author: liuyuxin (gvenusleo@gmail.com)
*/
/* Heap length is n, start heapifying node i, from top to bottom */
void siftDown(List<int> nums, int n, int i) {
while (true) {
// If node i is largest or indices l, r are out of bounds, no need to continue heapify, break
int l = 2 * i + 1;
int r = 2 * i + 2;
int ma = i;
if (l < n && nums[l] > nums[ma]) ma = l;
if (r < n && nums[r] > nums[ma]) ma = r;
// Swap two nodes
if (ma == i) break;
// Swap two nodes
int temp = nums[i];
nums[i] = nums[ma];
nums[ma] = temp;
// Loop downwards heapification
i = ma;
}
}
/* Heap sort */
void heapSort(List<int> nums) {
// Build heap operation: heapify all nodes except leaves
for (int i = nums.length ~/ 2 - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
siftDown(nums, nums.length, i);
}
// Extract the largest element from the heap and repeat for n-1 rounds
for (int i = nums.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
// Delete node
int tmp = nums[0];
nums[0] = nums[i];
nums[i] = tmp;
// Start heapifying the root node, from top to bottom
siftDown(nums, i, 0);
}
}
/* Driver Code */
void main() {
List<int> nums = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2];
heapSort(nums);
print("After heap sort, nums = $nums");
}
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
/**
* File: insertion_sort.dart
* Created Time: 2023-02-14
* Author: what-is-me (whatisme@outlook.jp)
*/
/* Insertion sort */
void insertionSort(List<int> nums) {
// Outer loop: sorted interval is [0, i-1]
for (int i = 1; i < nums.length; i++) {
int base = nums[i], j = i - 1;
// Inner loop: insert base into the correct position within the sorted interval [0, i-1]
while (j >= 0 && nums[j] > base) {
nums[j + 1] = nums[j]; // Move nums[j] to the right by one position
j--;
}
nums[j + 1] = base; // Assign base to the correct position
}
}
/* Driver Code */
void main() {
List<int> nums = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2];
insertionSort(nums);
print("After insertion sort, nums = $nums");
}
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
/**
* File: merge_sort.dart
* Created Time: 2023-02-14
* Author: what-is-me (whatisme@outlook.jp)
*/
/* Merge left subarray and right subarray */
void merge(List<int> nums, int left, int mid, int right) {
// Left subarray interval is [left, mid], right subarray interval is [mid+1, right]
// Create a temporary array tmp to store the merged results
List<int> tmp = List.filled(right - left + 1, 0);
// Initialize the start indices of the left and right subarrays
int i = left, j = mid + 1, k = 0;
// While both subarrays still have elements, compare and copy the smaller element into the temporary array
while (i <= mid && j <= right) {
if (nums[i] <= nums[j])
tmp[k++] = nums[i++];
else
tmp[k++] = nums[j++];
}
// Copy the remaining elements of the left and right subarrays into the temporary array
while (i <= mid) {
tmp[k++] = nums[i++];
}
while (j <= right) {
tmp[k++] = nums[j++];
}
// Copy the elements from the temporary array tmp back to the original array nums at the corresponding interval
for (k = 0; k < tmp.length; k++) {
nums[left + k] = tmp[k];
}
}
/* Merge sort */
void mergeSort(List<int> nums, int left, int right) {
// Termination condition
if (left >= right) return; // Terminate recursion when subarray length is 1
// Divide and conquer stage
int mid = left + (right - left) ~/ 2; // Calculate midpoint
mergeSort(nums, left, mid); // Recursively process the left subarray
mergeSort(nums, mid + 1, right); // Recursively process the right subarray
// Merge stage
merge(nums, left, mid, right);
}
/* Driver Code */
void main() {
/* Merge sort */
List<int> nums = [7, 3, 2, 6, 0, 1, 5, 4];
mergeSort(nums, 0, nums.length - 1);
print("After merge sort, nums = $nums");
}
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
/**
* File: quick_sort.dart
* Created Time: 2023-02-14
* Author: what-is-me (whatisme@outlook.jp)
*/
/* Quick sort class */
class QuickSort {
/* Swap elements */
static void _swap(List<int> nums, int i, int j) {
int tmp = nums[i];
nums[i] = nums[j];
nums[j] = tmp;
}
/* Sentinel partition */
static int _partition(List<int> nums, int left, int right) {
// Use nums[left] as the pivot
int i = left, j = right;
while (i < j) {
while (i < j && nums[j] >= nums[left]) j--; // Search from right to left for the first element smaller than the pivot
while (i < j && nums[i] <= nums[left]) i++; // Search from left to right for the first element greater than the pivot
_swap(nums, i, j); // Swap these two elements
}
_swap(nums, i, left); // Swap the pivot to the boundary between the two subarrays
return i; // Return the index of the pivot
}
/* Quick sort */
static void quickSort(List<int> nums, int left, int right) {
// Terminate recursion when subarray length is 1
if (left >= right) return;
// Sentinel partition
int pivot = _partition(nums, left, right);
// Recursively process the left subarray and right subarray
quickSort(nums, left, pivot - 1);
quickSort(nums, pivot + 1, right);
}
}
/* Quick sort class (median pivot optimization) */
class QuickSortMedian {
/* Swap elements */
static void _swap(List<int> nums, int i, int j) {
int tmp = nums[i];
nums[i] = nums[j];
nums[j] = tmp;
}
/* Select the median of three candidate elements */
static int _medianThree(List<int> nums, int left, int mid, int right) {
int l = nums[left], m = nums[mid], r = nums[right];
if ((l <= m && m <= r) || (r <= m && m <= l))
return mid; // m is between l and r
if ((m <= l && l <= r) || (r <= l && l <= m))
return left; // l is between m and r
return right;
}
/* Sentinel partition (median of three) */
static int _partition(List<int> nums, int left, int right) {
// Select the median of three candidate elements
int med = _medianThree(nums, left, (left + right) ~/ 2, right);
// Swap the median to the array's leftmost position
_swap(nums, left, med);
// Use nums[left] as the pivot
int i = left, j = right;
while (i < j) {
while (i < j && nums[j] >= nums[left]) j--; // Search from right to left for the first element smaller than the pivot
while (i < j && nums[i] <= nums[left]) i++; // Search from left to right for the first element greater than the pivot
_swap(nums, i, j); // Swap these two elements
}
_swap(nums, i, left); // Swap the pivot to the boundary between the two subarrays
return i; // Return the index of the pivot
}
/* Quick sort */
static void quickSort(List<int> nums, int left, int right) {
// Terminate recursion when subarray length is 1
if (left >= right) return;
// Sentinel partition
int pivot = _partition(nums, left, right);
// Recursively process the left subarray and right subarray
quickSort(nums, left, pivot - 1);
quickSort(nums, pivot + 1, right);
}
}
/* Quick sort class (recursion depth optimization) */
class QuickSortTailCall {
/* Swap elements */
static void _swap(List<int> nums, int i, int j) {
int tmp = nums[i];
nums[i] = nums[j];
nums[j] = tmp;
}
/* Sentinel partition */
static int _partition(List<int> nums, int left, int right) {
// Use nums[left] as the pivot
int i = left, j = right;
while (i < j) {
while (i < j && nums[j] >= nums[left]) j--; // Search from right to left for the first element smaller than the pivot
while (i < j && nums[i] <= nums[left]) i++; // Search from left to right for the first element greater than the pivot
_swap(nums, i, j); // Swap these two elements
}
_swap(nums, i, left); // Swap the pivot to the boundary between the two subarrays
return i; // Return the index of the pivot
}
/* Quick sort (recursion depth optimization) */
static void quickSort(List<int> nums, int left, int right) {
// Terminate when subarray length is 1
while (left < right) {
// Sentinel partition operation
int pivot = _partition(nums, left, right);
// Perform quick sort on the shorter of the two subarrays
if (pivot - left < right - pivot) {
quickSort(nums, left, pivot - 1); // Recursively sort the left subarray
left = pivot + 1; // Remaining unsorted interval is [pivot + 1, right]
} else {
quickSort(nums, pivot + 1, right); // Recursively sort the right subarray
right = pivot - 1; // Remaining unsorted interval is [left, pivot - 1]
}
}
}
}
/* Driver Code */
void main() {
/* Quick sort */
List<int> nums = [2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5];
QuickSort.quickSort(nums, 0, nums.length - 1);
print("After quick sort, nums = $nums");
/* Quick sort (recursion depth optimization) */
List<int> nums1 = [2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5];
QuickSortMedian.quickSort(nums1, 0, nums1.length - 1);
print("After quick sort (median pivot optimization), nums1 = $nums1");
/* Quick sort (recursion depth optimization) */
List<int> nums2 = [2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5];
QuickSortTailCall.quickSort(nums2, 0, nums2.length - 1);
print("After quick sort (recursion depth optimization), nums2 = $nums2");
}
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
/**
* File: radix_sort.dart
* Created Time: 2023-02-14
* Author: what-is-me (whatisme@outlook.jp)
*/
/* Get k-th digit of element _num, where exp = 10^(k-1) */
int digit(int _num, int exp) {
// Passing exp instead of k can avoid repeated expensive exponentiation here
return (_num ~/ exp) % 10;
}
/* Counting sort (based on nums k-th digit) */
void countingSortDigit(List<int> nums, int exp) {
// Decimal digit range is 0~9, therefore need a bucket array of length 10
List<int> counter = List<int>.filled(10, 0);
int n = nums.length;
// Count the occurrence of digits 0~9
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
int d = digit(nums[i], exp); // Get the k-th digit of nums[i], noted as d
counter[d]++; // Count the occurrence of digit d
}
// Calculate prefix sum, converting "occurrence count" into "array index"
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
counter[i] += counter[i - 1];
}
// Traverse in reverse, based on bucket statistics, place each element into res
List<int> res = List<int>.filled(n, 0);
for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
int d = digit(nums[i], exp);
int j = counter[d] - 1; // Get the index j for d in the array
res[j] = nums[i]; // Place the current element at index j
counter[d]--; // Decrease the count of d by 1
}
// Use result to overwrite the original array nums
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) nums[i] = res[i];
}
/* Radix sort */
void radixSort(List<int> nums) {
// Get the maximum element of the array, used to determine the maximum number of digits
// In Dart, int length is 64 bits
int m = -1 << 63;
for (int _num in nums) if (_num > m) m = _num;
// Traverse from the lowest to the highest digit
for (int exp = 1; exp <= m; exp *= 10)
// Perform counting sort on the k-th digit of array elements
// k = 1 -> exp = 1
// k = 2 -> exp = 10
// i.e., exp = 10^(k-1)
countingSortDigit(nums, exp);
}
/* Driver Code */
void main() {
// Radix sort
List<int> nums = [
10546151,
35663510,
42865989,
34862445,
81883077,
88906420,
72429244,
30524779,
82060337,
63832996
];
radixSort(nums);
print("After radix sort, nums = $nums");
}
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
/**
* File: selection_sort.dart
* Created Time: 2023-06-01
* Author: liuyuxin (gvenusleo@gmail.com)
*/
/* Selection sort */
void selectionSort(List<int> nums) {
int n = nums.length;
// Outer loop: unsorted interval is [i, n-1]
for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
// Inner loop: find the smallest element within the unsorted interval
int k = i;
for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
if (nums[j] < nums[k]) k = j; // Record the index of the smallest element
}
// Swap the smallest element with the first element of the unsorted interval
int temp = nums[i];
nums[i] = nums[k];
nums[k] = temp;
}
}
/* Driver Code */
void main() {
List<int> nums = [4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2];
selectionSort(nums);
print("After selection sort, nums = $nums");
}