Translate all code to English (#1836)

* Review the EN heading format.

* Fix pythontutor headings.

* Fix pythontutor headings.

* bug fixes

* Fix headings in **/summary.md

* Revisit the CN-to-EN translation for Python code using Claude-4.5

* Revisit the CN-to-EN translation for Java code using Claude-4.5

* Revisit the CN-to-EN translation for Cpp code using Claude-4.5.

* Fix the dictionary.

* Fix cpp code translation for the multipart strings.

* Translate Go code to English.

* Update workflows to test EN code.

* Add EN translation for C.

* Add EN translation for CSharp.

* Add EN translation for Swift.

* Trigger the CI check.

* Revert.

* Update en/hash_map.md

* Add the EN version of Dart code.

* Add the EN version of Kotlin code.

* Add missing code files.

* Add the EN version of JavaScript code.

* Add the EN version of TypeScript code.

* Fix the workflows.

* Add the EN version of Ruby code.

* Add the EN version of Rust code.

* Update the CI check for the English version  code.

* Update Python CI check.

* Fix cmakelists for en/C code.

* Fix Ruby comments
This commit is contained in:
Yudong Jin
2025-12-31 07:44:52 +08:00
committed by GitHub
parent 45e1295241
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# About this book
# About This Book
This project aims to create an open-source, free, beginner-friendly introductory tutorial on data structures and algorithms.
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- The source code can be run with one click, helping readers improve their programming skills through practice and understand how algorithms work and the underlying implementation of data structures.
- We encourage readers to learn from each other, and everyone is welcome to ask questions and share insights in the comments section, making progress together through discussion and exchange.
## Target audience
## Target Audience
If you are an algorithm beginner who has never been exposed to algorithms, or if you already have some problem-solving experience and have a vague understanding of data structures and algorithms, oscillating between knowing and not knowing, then this book is tailor-made for you!
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You need to have at least a programming foundation in any language, and be able to read and write simple code.
## Content structure
## Content Structure
The main content of this book is shown in the figure below.
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During the writing process, I read many textbooks and articles on data structures and algorithms. These works provided excellent examples for this book and ensured the accuracy and quality of the book's content. I would like to thank all the teachers and predecessors for their outstanding contributions!
This book advocates a learning method that combines hands and brain, and in this regard I was deeply inspired by [*Dive into Deep Learning*](https://github.com/d2l-ai/d2l-zh). I highly recommend this excellent work to all readers.
This book advocates a learning method that combines hands and brain, and in this regard I was deeply inspired by [Dive into Deep Learning](https://github.com/d2l-ai/d2l-zh). I highly recommend this excellent work to all readers.
**Heartfelt thanks to my parents, it is your support and encouragement that has given me the opportunity to do this interesting thing**.
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# How to use this book
# How to Use This Book
!!! tip
For the best reading experience, it is recommended that you read through this section.
## Writing style conventions
## Writing Style Conventions
- Titles marked with `*` are optional sections with relatively difficult content. If you have limited time, you can skip them first.
- Technical terms will be in bold (in paper and PDF versions) or underlined (in web versions), such as <u>array</u>. It is recommended to memorize them for reading literature.
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// comment
```
## Learning efficiently with animated illustrations
## Learning Efficiently with Animated Illustrations
Compared to text, videos and images have higher information density and structural organization, making them easier to understand. In this book, **key and difficult knowledge will mainly be presented in the form of animated illustrations**, with text serving as explanation and supplement.
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![Example of animated illustrations](../index.assets/animation.gif)
## Deepening understanding through code practice
## Deepening Understanding Through Code Practice
The accompanying code for this book is hosted in the [GitHub repository](https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo). As shown in the figure below, **the source code comes with test cases and can be run with one click**.
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![Visual running of Python code](suggestions.assets/pythontutor_example.png)
## Growing together through questions and discussions
## Growing Together Through Questions and Discussions
When reading this book, please do not easily skip knowledge points that you have not learned well. **Feel free to ask your questions in the comments section**, and my friends and I will do our best to answer you, and generally reply within two days.
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![Example of comments section](../index.assets/comment.gif)
## Algorithm learning roadmap
## Algorithm Learning Roadmap
From an overall perspective, we can divide the process of learning data structures and algorithms into three stages.
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# Summary
### Key Review
- The main audience of this book is algorithm beginners. If you already have a certain foundation, this book can help you systematically review algorithm knowledge, and the source code in the book can also be used as a "problem-solving toolkit."
- The content of the book mainly includes three parts: complexity analysis, data structures, and algorithms, covering most topics in this field.
- For algorithm novices, reading an introductory book during the initial learning stage is crucial, as it can help you avoid many detours.