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en/docs/chapter_searching/binary_search_insertion.md
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comments: true
---
# 10.2   Binary search insertion
# 10.2   Binary Search Insertion Point
Binary search is not only used to search for target elements but also to solve many variant problems, such as searching for the insertion position of target elements.
Binary search can not only be used to search for target elements but also to solve many variant problems, such as searching for the insertion position of a target element.
## 10.2.1   Case with no duplicate elements
## 10.2.1   Case Without Duplicate Elements
!!! question
Given a sorted array `nums` of length $n$ with unique elements and an element `target`, insert `target` into `nums` while maintaining its sorted order. If `target` already exists in the array, insert it to the left of the existing element. Return the index of `target` in the array after insertion. See the example shown in Figure 10-4.
Given a sorted array `nums` of length $n$ and an element `target`, where the array contains no duplicate elements. Insert `target` into the array `nums` while maintaining its sorted order. If the array already contains the element `target`, insert it to its left. Return the index of `target` in the array after insertion. An example is shown in Figure 10-4.
![Example data for binary search insertion point](binary_search_insertion.assets/binary_search_insertion_example.png){ class="animation-figure" }
![Binary search insertion point example data](binary_search_insertion.assets/binary_search_insertion_example.png){ class="animation-figure" }
<p align="center"> Figure 10-4 &nbsp; Example data for binary search insertion point </p>
<p align="center"> Figure 10-4 &nbsp; Binary search insertion point example data </p>
If you want to reuse the binary search code from the previous section, you need to answer the following two questions.
If we want to reuse the binary search code from the previous section, we need to answer the following two questions.
**Question one**: If the array already contains `target`, would the insertion point be the index of existing element?
**Question 1**: When the array contains `target`, is the insertion point index the same as that element's index?
The requirement to insert `target` to the left of equal elements means that the newly inserted `target` will replace the original `target` position. In other words, **when the array contains `target`, the insertion point is indeed the index of that `target`**.
The problem requires inserting `target` to the left of equal elements, which means the newly inserted `target` replaces the position of the original `target`. In other words, **when the array contains `target`, the insertion point index is the index of that `target`**.
**Question two**: When the array does not contain `target`, at which index would it be inserted?
**Question 2**: When the array does not contain `target`, what is the insertion point index?
Let's further consider the binary search process: when `nums[m] < target`, pointer $i$ moves, meaning that pointer $i$ is approaching an element greater than or equal to `target`. Similarly, pointer $j$ is always approaching an element less than or equal to `target`.
Further consider the binary search process: When `nums[m] < target`, $i$ moves, which means pointer $i$ is approaching elements greater than or equal to `target`. Similarly, pointer $j$ is always approaching elements less than or equal to `target`.
Therefore, at the end of the binary, it is certain that: $i$ points to the first element greater than `target`, and $j$ points to the first element less than `target`. **It is easy to see that when the array does not contain `target`, the insertion point is $i$**. The code is as follows:
Therefore, when the binary search ends, we must have: $i$ points to the first element greater than `target`, and $j$ points to the first element less than `target`. **It's easy to see that when the array does not contain `target`, the insertion index is $i$**. The code is shown below:
=== "Python"
```python title="binary_search_insertion.py"
def binary_search_insertion_simple(nums: list[int], target: int) -> int:
"""Binary search for insertion point (no duplicate elements)"""
i, j = 0, len(nums) - 1 # Initialize double closed interval [0, n-1]
i, j = 0, len(nums) - 1 # Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
while i <= j:
m = i + (j - i) // 2 # Calculate midpoint index m
m = (i + j) // 2 # Calculate midpoint index m
if nums[m] < target:
i = m + 1 # Target is in interval [m+1, j]
i = m + 1 # target is in the interval [m+1, j]
elif nums[m] > target:
j = m - 1 # Target is in interval [i, m-1]
j = m - 1 # target is in the interval [i, m-1]
else:
return m # Found target, return insertion point m
# Did not find target, return insertion point i
# Target not found, return insertion point i
return i
```
@@ -51,18 +51,18 @@ Therefore, at the end of the binary, it is certain that: $i$ points to the first
```cpp title="binary_search_insertion.cpp"
/* Binary search for insertion point (no duplicate elements) */
int binarySearchInsertionSimple(vector<int> &nums, int target) {
int i = 0, j = nums.size() - 1; // Initialize double closed interval [0, n-1]
int i = 0, j = nums.size() - 1; // Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
while (i <= j) {
int m = i + (j - i) / 2; // Calculate midpoint index m
int m = i + (j - i) / 2; // Calculate the midpoint index m
if (nums[m] < target) {
i = m + 1; // Target is in interval [m+1, j]
i = m + 1; // target is in the interval [m+1, j]
} else if (nums[m] > target) {
j = m - 1; // Target is in interval [i, m-1]
j = m - 1; // target is in the interval [i, m-1]
} else {
return m; // Found target, return insertion point m
}
}
// Did not find target, return insertion point i
// Target not found, return insertion point i
return i;
}
```
@@ -72,18 +72,18 @@ Therefore, at the end of the binary, it is certain that: $i$ points to the first
```java title="binary_search_insertion.java"
/* Binary search for insertion point (no duplicate elements) */
int binarySearchInsertionSimple(int[] nums, int target) {
int i = 0, j = nums.length - 1; // Initialize double closed interval [0, n-1]
int i = 0, j = nums.length - 1; // Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
while (i <= j) {
int m = i + (j - i) / 2; // Calculate midpoint index m
int m = i + (j - i) / 2; // Calculate the midpoint index m
if (nums[m] < target) {
i = m + 1; // Target is in interval [m+1, j]
i = m + 1; // target is in the interval [m+1, j]
} else if (nums[m] > target) {
j = m - 1; // Target is in interval [i, m-1]
j = m - 1; // target is in the interval [i, m-1]
} else {
return m; // Found target, return insertion point m
}
}
// Did not find target, return insertion point i
// Target not found, return insertion point i
return i;
}
```
@@ -91,94 +91,255 @@ Therefore, at the end of the binary, it is certain that: $i$ points to the first
=== "C#"
```csharp title="binary_search_insertion.cs"
[class]{binary_search_insertion}-[func]{BinarySearchInsertionSimple}
/* Binary search for insertion point (no duplicate elements) */
int BinarySearchInsertionSimple(int[] nums, int target) {
int i = 0, j = nums.Length - 1; // Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
while (i <= j) {
int m = i + (j - i) / 2; // Calculate the midpoint index m
if (nums[m] < target) {
i = m + 1; // target is in the interval [m+1, j]
} else if (nums[m] > target) {
j = m - 1; // target is in the interval [i, m-1]
} else {
return m; // Found target, return insertion point m
}
}
// Target not found, return insertion point i
return i;
}
```
=== "Go"
```go title="binary_search_insertion.go"
[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchInsertionSimple}
/* Binary search for insertion point (no duplicate elements) */
func binarySearchInsertionSimple(nums []int, target int) int {
// Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
i, j := 0, len(nums)-1
for i <= j {
// Calculate the midpoint index m
m := i + (j-i)/2
if nums[m] < target {
// target is in the interval [m+1, j]
i = m + 1
} else if nums[m] > target {
// target is in the interval [i, m-1]
j = m - 1
} else {
// Found target, return insertion point m
return m
}
}
// Target not found, return insertion point i
return i
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="binary_search_insertion.swift"
[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchInsertionSimple}
/* Binary search for insertion point (no duplicate elements) */
func binarySearchInsertionSimple(nums: [Int], target: Int) -> Int {
// Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
var i = nums.startIndex
var j = nums.endIndex - 1
while i <= j {
let m = i + (j - i) / 2 // Calculate the midpoint index m
if nums[m] < target {
i = m + 1 // target is in the interval [m+1, j]
} else if nums[m] > target {
j = m - 1 // target is in the interval [i, m-1]
} else {
return m // Found target, return insertion point m
}
}
// Target not found, return insertion point i
return i
}
```
=== "JS"
```javascript title="binary_search_insertion.js"
[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchInsertionSimple}
/* Binary search for insertion point (no duplicate elements) */
function binarySearchInsertionSimple(nums, target) {
let i = 0,
j = nums.length - 1; // Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
while (i <= j) {
const m = Math.floor(i + (j - i) / 2); // Calculate midpoint index m, use Math.floor() to round down
if (nums[m] < target) {
i = m + 1; // target is in the interval [m+1, j]
} else if (nums[m] > target) {
j = m - 1; // target is in the interval [i, m-1]
} else {
return m; // Found target, return insertion point m
}
}
// Target not found, return insertion point i
return i;
}
```
=== "TS"
```typescript title="binary_search_insertion.ts"
[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchInsertionSimple}
/* Binary search for insertion point (no duplicate elements) */
function binarySearchInsertionSimple(
nums: Array<number>,
target: number
): number {
let i = 0,
j = nums.length - 1; // Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
while (i <= j) {
const m = Math.floor(i + (j - i) / 2); // Calculate midpoint index m, use Math.floor() to round down
if (nums[m] < target) {
i = m + 1; // target is in the interval [m+1, j]
} else if (nums[m] > target) {
j = m - 1; // target is in the interval [i, m-1]
} else {
return m; // Found target, return insertion point m
}
}
// Target not found, return insertion point i
return i;
}
```
=== "Dart"
```dart title="binary_search_insertion.dart"
[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchInsertionSimple}
/* Binary search for insertion point (no duplicate elements) */
int binarySearchInsertionSimple(List<int> nums, int target) {
int i = 0, j = nums.length - 1; // Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
while (i <= j) {
int m = i + (j - i) ~/ 2; // Calculate the midpoint index m
if (nums[m] < target) {
i = m + 1; // target is in the interval [m+1, j]
} else if (nums[m] > target) {
j = m - 1; // target is in the interval [i, m-1]
} else {
return m; // Found target, return insertion point m
}
}
// Target not found, return insertion point i
return i;
}
```
=== "Rust"
```rust title="binary_search_insertion.rs"
[class]{}-[func]{binary_search_insertion_simple}
/* Binary search for insertion point (no duplicate elements) */
fn binary_search_insertion_simple(nums: &[i32], target: i32) -> i32 {
let (mut i, mut j) = (0, nums.len() as i32 - 1); // Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
while i <= j {
let m = i + (j - i) / 2; // Calculate the midpoint index m
if nums[m as usize] < target {
i = m + 1; // target is in the interval [m+1, j]
} else if nums[m as usize] > target {
j = m - 1; // target is in the interval [i, m-1]
} else {
return m;
}
}
// Target not found, return insertion point i
i
}
```
=== "C"
```c title="binary_search_insertion.c"
[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchInsertionSimple}
/* Binary search for insertion point (no duplicate elements) */
int binarySearchInsertionSimple(int *nums, int numSize, int target) {
int i = 0, j = numSize - 1; // Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
while (i <= j) {
int m = i + (j - i) / 2; // Calculate the midpoint index m
if (nums[m] < target) {
i = m + 1; // target is in the interval [m+1, j]
} else if (nums[m] > target) {
j = m - 1; // target is in the interval [i, m-1]
} else {
return m; // Found target, return insertion point m
}
}
// Target not found, return insertion point i
return i;
}
```
=== "Kotlin"
```kotlin title="binary_search_insertion.kt"
[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchInsertionSimple}
/* Binary search for insertion point (no duplicate elements) */
fun binarySearchInsertionSimple(nums: IntArray, target: Int): Int {
var i = 0
var j = nums.size - 1 // Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
while (i <= j) {
val m = i + (j - i) / 2 // Calculate the midpoint index m
if (nums[m] < target) {
i = m + 1 // target is in the interval [m+1, j]
} else if (nums[m] > target) {
j = m - 1 // target is in the interval [i, m-1]
} else {
return m // Found target, return insertion point m
}
}
// Target not found, return insertion point i
return i
}
```
=== "Ruby"
```ruby title="binary_search_insertion.rb"
[class]{}-[func]{binary_search_insertion_simple}
### Binary search insertion point (no duplicates) ###
def binary_search_insertion_simple(nums, target)
# Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
i, j = 0, nums.length - 1
while i <= j
# Calculate the midpoint index m
m = (i + j) / 2
if nums[m] < target
i = m + 1 # target is in the interval [m+1, j]
elsif nums[m] > target
j = m - 1 # target is in the interval [i, m-1]
else
return m # Found target, return insertion point m
end
end
i # Target not found, return insertion point i
end
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="binary_search_insertion.zig"
[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchInsertionSimple}
```
## 10.2.2 &nbsp; Case with duplicate elements
## 10.2.2 &nbsp; Case with Duplicate Elements
!!! question
Based on the previous question, assume the array may contain duplicate elements, all else remains the same.
Based on the previous problem, assume the array may contain duplicate elements, with everything else remaining the same.
When there are multiple occurrences of `target` in the array, a regular binary search can only return the index of one occurrence of `target`, **and it cannot determine how many occurrences of `target` are to the left and right of that position**.
Suppose there are multiple `target` elements in the array. Ordinary binary search can only return the index of one `target`, **and cannot determine how many `target` elements are to the left and right of that element**.
The problem requires inserting the target element at the leftmost position, **so we need to find the index of the leftmost `target` in the array**. Initially consider implementing this through the steps shown in Figure 10-5.
The problem requires inserting the target element at the leftmost position, **so we need to find the index of the leftmost `target` in the array**. Initially, consider implementing this through the steps shown in Figure 10-5:
1. Perform a binary search to find any index of `target`, say $k$.
2. Starting from index $k$, conduct a linear search to the left until the leftmost occurrence of `target` is found, then return this index.
1. Perform binary search to obtain the index of any `target`, denoted as $k$.
2. Starting from index $k$, perform linear traversal to the left, and return when the leftmost `target` is found.
![Linear search for the insertion point of duplicate elements](binary_search_insertion.assets/binary_search_insertion_naive.png){ class="animation-figure" }
![Linear search for insertion point of duplicate elements](binary_search_insertion.assets/binary_search_insertion_naive.png){ class="animation-figure" }
<p align="center"> Figure 10-5 &nbsp; Linear search for the insertion point of duplicate elements </p>
<p align="center"> Figure 10-5 &nbsp; Linear search for insertion point of duplicate elements </p>
Although this method is feasible, it includes linear search, so its time complexity is $O(n)$. This method is inefficient when the array contains many duplicate `target`s.
Although this method works, it includes linear search, resulting in a time complexity of $O(n)$. When the array contains many duplicate `target` elements, this method is very inefficient.
Now consider extending the binary search code. As shown in Figure 10-6, the overall process remains the same. In each round, we first calculate the middle index $m$, then compare the value of `target` with `nums[m]`, leading to the following cases.
Now consider extending the binary search code. As shown in Figure 10-6, the overall process remains unchanged: calculate the midpoint index $m$ in each round, then compare `target` with `nums[m]`, divided into the following cases:
- When `nums[m] < target` or `nums[m] > target`, it means `target` has not been found yet, thus use the normal binary search to narrow the search range, **bringing pointers $i$ and $j$ closer to `target`**.
- When `nums[m] == target`, it indicates that the elements less than `target` are in the range $[i, m - 1]$, therefore use $j = m - 1$ to narrow the range, **thus bringing pointer $j$ closer to the elements less than `target`**.
- When `nums[m] < target` or `nums[m] > target`, it means `target` has not been found yet, so use the ordinary binary search interval narrowing operation to **make pointers $i$ and $j$ approach `target`**.
- When `nums[m] == target`, it means elements less than `target` are in the interval $[i, m - 1]$, so use $j = m - 1$ to narrow the interval, thereby **making pointer $j$ approach elements less than `target`**.
After the loop, $i$ points to the leftmost `target`, and $j$ points to the first element less than `target`, **therefore index $i$ is the insertion point**.
After the loop completes, $i$ points to the leftmost `target`, and $j$ points to the first element less than `target`, **so index $i$ is the insertion point**.
=== "<1>"
![Steps for binary search insertion point of duplicate elements](binary_search_insertion.assets/binary_search_insertion_step1.png){ class="animation-figure" }
@@ -206,24 +367,24 @@ After the loop, $i$ points to the leftmost `target`, and $j$ points to the first
<p align="center"> Figure 10-6 &nbsp; Steps for binary search insertion point of duplicate elements </p>
Observe the following code. The operations in the branches `nums[m] > target` and `nums[m] == target` are the same, so these two branches can be merged.
Observe the following code: the operations for branches `nums[m] > target` and `nums[m] == target` are the same, so the two can be merged.
Even so, we can still keep the conditions expanded, as it makes the logic clearer and improves readability.
Even so, we can still keep the conditional branches expanded, as the logic is clearer and more readable.
=== "Python"
```python title="binary_search_insertion.py"
def binary_search_insertion(nums: list[int], target: int) -> int:
"""Binary search for insertion point (with duplicate elements)"""
i, j = 0, len(nums) - 1 # Initialize double closed interval [0, n-1]
i, j = 0, len(nums) - 1 # Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
while i <= j:
m = i + (j - i) // 2 # Calculate midpoint index m
m = (i + j) // 2 # Calculate midpoint index m
if nums[m] < target:
i = m + 1 # Target is in interval [m+1, j]
i = m + 1 # target is in the interval [m+1, j]
elif nums[m] > target:
j = m - 1 # Target is in interval [i, m-1]
j = m - 1 # target is in the interval [i, m-1]
else:
j = m - 1 # First element less than target is in interval [i, m-1]
j = m - 1 # The first element less than target is in the interval [i, m-1]
# Return insertion point i
return i
```
@@ -233,15 +394,15 @@ Even so, we can still keep the conditions expanded, as it makes the logic cleare
```cpp title="binary_search_insertion.cpp"
/* Binary search for insertion point (with duplicate elements) */
int binarySearchInsertion(vector<int> &nums, int target) {
int i = 0, j = nums.size() - 1; // Initialize double closed interval [0, n-1]
int i = 0, j = nums.size() - 1; // Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
while (i <= j) {
int m = i + (j - i) / 2; // Calculate midpoint index m
int m = i + (j - i) / 2; // Calculate the midpoint index m
if (nums[m] < target) {
i = m + 1; // Target is in interval [m+1, j]
i = m + 1; // target is in the interval [m+1, j]
} else if (nums[m] > target) {
j = m - 1; // Target is in interval [i, m-1]
j = m - 1; // target is in the interval [i, m-1]
} else {
j = m - 1; // First element less than target is in interval [i, m-1]
j = m - 1; // The first element less than target is in the interval [i, m-1]
}
}
// Return insertion point i
@@ -254,15 +415,15 @@ Even so, we can still keep the conditions expanded, as it makes the logic cleare
```java title="binary_search_insertion.java"
/* Binary search for insertion point (with duplicate elements) */
int binarySearchInsertion(int[] nums, int target) {
int i = 0, j = nums.length - 1; // Initialize double closed interval [0, n-1]
int i = 0, j = nums.length - 1; // Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
while (i <= j) {
int m = i + (j - i) / 2; // Calculate midpoint index m
int m = i + (j - i) / 2; // Calculate the midpoint index m
if (nums[m] < target) {
i = m + 1; // Target is in interval [m+1, j]
i = m + 1; // target is in the interval [m+1, j]
} else if (nums[m] > target) {
j = m - 1; // Target is in interval [i, m-1]
j = m - 1; // target is in the interval [i, m-1]
} else {
j = m - 1; // First element less than target is in interval [i, m-1]
j = m - 1; // The first element less than target is in the interval [i, m-1]
}
}
// Return insertion point i
@@ -273,73 +434,231 @@ Even so, we can still keep the conditions expanded, as it makes the logic cleare
=== "C#"
```csharp title="binary_search_insertion.cs"
[class]{binary_search_insertion}-[func]{BinarySearchInsertion}
/* Binary search for insertion point (with duplicate elements) */
int BinarySearchInsertion(int[] nums, int target) {
int i = 0, j = nums.Length - 1; // Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
while (i <= j) {
int m = i + (j - i) / 2; // Calculate the midpoint index m
if (nums[m] < target) {
i = m + 1; // target is in the interval [m+1, j]
} else if (nums[m] > target) {
j = m - 1; // target is in the interval [i, m-1]
} else {
j = m - 1; // The first element less than target is in the interval [i, m-1]
}
}
// Return insertion point i
return i;
}
```
=== "Go"
```go title="binary_search_insertion.go"
[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchInsertion}
/* Binary search for insertion point (with duplicate elements) */
func binarySearchInsertion(nums []int, target int) int {
// Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
i, j := 0, len(nums)-1
for i <= j {
// Calculate the midpoint index m
m := i + (j-i)/2
if nums[m] < target {
// target is in the interval [m+1, j]
i = m + 1
} else if nums[m] > target {
// target is in the interval [i, m-1]
j = m - 1
} else {
// The first element less than target is in the interval [i, m-1]
j = m - 1
}
}
// Return insertion point i
return i
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="binary_search_insertion.swift"
[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchInsertion}
/* Binary search for insertion point (with duplicate elements) */
func binarySearchInsertion(nums: [Int], target: Int) -> Int {
// Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
var i = nums.startIndex
var j = nums.endIndex - 1
while i <= j {
let m = i + (j - i) / 2 // Calculate the midpoint index m
if nums[m] < target {
i = m + 1 // target is in the interval [m+1, j]
} else if nums[m] > target {
j = m - 1 // target is in the interval [i, m-1]
} else {
j = m - 1 // The first element less than target is in the interval [i, m-1]
}
}
// Return insertion point i
return i
}
```
=== "JS"
```javascript title="binary_search_insertion.js"
[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchInsertion}
/* Binary search for insertion point (with duplicate elements) */
function binarySearchInsertion(nums, target) {
let i = 0,
j = nums.length - 1; // Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
while (i <= j) {
const m = Math.floor(i + (j - i) / 2); // Calculate midpoint index m, use Math.floor() to round down
if (nums[m] < target) {
i = m + 1; // target is in the interval [m+1, j]
} else if (nums[m] > target) {
j = m - 1; // target is in the interval [i, m-1]
} else {
j = m - 1; // The first element less than target is in the interval [i, m-1]
}
}
// Return insertion point i
return i;
}
```
=== "TS"
```typescript title="binary_search_insertion.ts"
[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchInsertion}
/* Binary search for insertion point (with duplicate elements) */
function binarySearchInsertion(nums: Array<number>, target: number): number {
let i = 0,
j = nums.length - 1; // Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
while (i <= j) {
const m = Math.floor(i + (j - i) / 2); // Calculate midpoint index m, use Math.floor() to round down
if (nums[m] < target) {
i = m + 1; // target is in the interval [m+1, j]
} else if (nums[m] > target) {
j = m - 1; // target is in the interval [i, m-1]
} else {
j = m - 1; // The first element less than target is in the interval [i, m-1]
}
}
// Return insertion point i
return i;
}
```
=== "Dart"
```dart title="binary_search_insertion.dart"
[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchInsertion}
/* Binary search for insertion point (with duplicate elements) */
int binarySearchInsertion(List<int> nums, int target) {
int i = 0, j = nums.length - 1; // Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
while (i <= j) {
int m = i + (j - i) ~/ 2; // Calculate the midpoint index m
if (nums[m] < target) {
i = m + 1; // target is in the interval [m+1, j]
} else if (nums[m] > target) {
j = m - 1; // target is in the interval [i, m-1]
} else {
j = m - 1; // The first element less than target is in the interval [i, m-1]
}
}
// Return insertion point i
return i;
}
```
=== "Rust"
```rust title="binary_search_insertion.rs"
[class]{}-[func]{binary_search_insertion}
/* Binary search for insertion point (with duplicate elements) */
pub fn binary_search_insertion(nums: &[i32], target: i32) -> i32 {
let (mut i, mut j) = (0, nums.len() as i32 - 1); // Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
while i <= j {
let m = i + (j - i) / 2; // Calculate the midpoint index m
if nums[m as usize] < target {
i = m + 1; // target is in the interval [m+1, j]
} else if nums[m as usize] > target {
j = m - 1; // target is in the interval [i, m-1]
} else {
j = m - 1; // The first element less than target is in the interval [i, m-1]
}
}
// Return insertion point i
i
}
```
=== "C"
```c title="binary_search_insertion.c"
[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchInsertion}
/* Binary search for insertion point (with duplicate elements) */
int binarySearchInsertion(int *nums, int numSize, int target) {
int i = 0, j = numSize - 1; // Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
while (i <= j) {
int m = i + (j - i) / 2; // Calculate the midpoint index m
if (nums[m] < target) {
i = m + 1; // target is in the interval [m+1, j]
} else if (nums[m] > target) {
j = m - 1; // target is in the interval [i, m-1]
} else {
j = m - 1; // The first element less than target is in the interval [i, m-1]
}
}
// Return insertion point i
return i;
}
```
=== "Kotlin"
```kotlin title="binary_search_insertion.kt"
[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchInsertion}
/* Binary search for insertion point (with duplicate elements) */
fun binarySearchInsertion(nums: IntArray, target: Int): Int {
var i = 0
var j = nums.size - 1 // Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
while (i <= j) {
val m = i + (j - i) / 2 // Calculate the midpoint index m
if (nums[m] < target) {
i = m + 1 // target is in the interval [m+1, j]
} else if (nums[m] > target) {
j = m - 1 // target is in the interval [i, m-1]
} else {
j = m - 1 // The first element less than target is in the interval [i, m-1]
}
}
// Return insertion point i
return i
}
```
=== "Ruby"
```ruby title="binary_search_insertion.rb"
[class]{}-[func]{binary_search_insertion}
```
### Binary search insertion point (with duplicates) ###
def binary_search_insertion(nums, target)
# Initialize closed interval [0, n-1]
i, j = 0, nums.length - 1
=== "Zig"
while i <= j
# Calculate the midpoint index m
m = (i + j) / 2
```zig title="binary_search_insertion.zig"
[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchInsertion}
if nums[m] < target
i = m + 1 # target is in the interval [m+1, j]
elsif nums[m] > target
j = m - 1 # target is in the interval [i, m-1]
else
j = m - 1 # The first element less than target is in the interval [i, m-1]
end
end
i # Return insertion point i
end
```
!!! tip
The code in this section uses "closed interval". If you are interested in "left-closed, right-open", try to implement the code on your own.
The code in this section all uses the "closed interval" approach. Interested readers can implement the "left-closed right-open" approach themselves.
In summary, binary search essentially involves setting search targets for pointers $i$ and $j$. These targets could be a specific element (like `target`) or a range of elements (such as those smaller than `target`).
Overall, binary search is simply about setting search targets for pointers $i$ and $j$ separately. The target could be a specific element (such as `target`) or a range of elements (such as elements less than `target`).
In the continuous loop of binary search, pointers $i$ and $j$ gradually approach the predefined target. Ultimately, they either find the answer or stop after crossing the boundary.
Through continuous binary iterations, both pointers $i$ and $j$ gradually approach their preset targets. Ultimately, they either successfully find the answer or stop after crossing the boundaries.