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<title>9.3. 图的遍历 - Hello 算法</title>
<title>9.3.   图的遍历 - Hello 算法</title>
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<div class="md-header__topic" data-md-component="header-topic">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
9.3. 图的遍历
9.3. &nbsp; 图的遍历
</span>
</div>
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_1" id="__nav_1_label" tabindex="0">
0. 写在前面
0. &nbsp; &nbsp; 写在前面
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
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0. 写在前面
0. &nbsp; &nbsp; 写在前面
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_preface/about_the_book/" class="md-nav__link">
0.1. 关于本书
0.1. &nbsp; 关于本书
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_preface/suggestions/" class="md-nav__link">
0.2. 如何使用本书
0.2. &nbsp; 如何使用本书
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_preface/installation/" class="md-nav__link">
0.3. 编程环境安装
0.3. &nbsp; 编程环境安装
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_preface/contribution/" class="md-nav__link">
0.4. 一起参与创作
0.4. &nbsp; 一起参与创作
</a>
</li>
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_2" id="__nav_2_label" tabindex="0">
1. 引言
1. &nbsp; &nbsp; 引言
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
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1. 引言
1. &nbsp; &nbsp; 引言
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_introduction/algorithms_are_everywhere/" class="md-nav__link">
1.1. 算法无处不在
1.1. &nbsp; 算法无处不在
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_introduction/what_is_dsa/" class="md-nav__link">
1.2. 算法是什么
1.2. &nbsp; 算法是什么
</a>
</li>
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_3" id="__nav_3_label" tabindex="0">
2. 计算复杂度
2. &nbsp; &nbsp; 计算复杂度
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2. 计算复杂度
2. &nbsp; &nbsp; 计算复杂度
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/performance_evaluation/" class="md-nav__link">
2.1. 算法效率评估
2.1. &nbsp; 算法效率评估
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity/" class="md-nav__link">
2.2. 时间复杂度
2.2. &nbsp; 时间复杂度
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity/" class="md-nav__link">
2.3. 空间复杂度
2.3. &nbsp; 空间复杂度
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/space_time_tradeoff/" class="md-nav__link">
2.4. 权衡时间与空间
2.4. &nbsp; 权衡时间与空间
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
2.5. 小结
2.5. &nbsp; 小结
</a>
</li>
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4" id="__nav_4_label" tabindex="0">
3. 数据结构简介
3. &nbsp; &nbsp; 数据结构简介
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
3. 数据结构简介
3. &nbsp; &nbsp; 数据结构简介
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/data_and_memory/" class="md-nav__link">
3.1. 数据与内存
3.1. &nbsp; 数据与内存
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/classification_of_data_structure/" class="md-nav__link">
3.2. 数据结构分类
3.2. &nbsp; 数据结构分类
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
3.3. 小结
3.3. &nbsp; 小结
</a>
</li>
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
4. 数组与链表
4. &nbsp; &nbsp; 数组与链表
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
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4. 数组与链表
4. &nbsp; &nbsp; 数组与链表
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array/" class="md-nav__link">
4.1. 数组（Array）
4.1. &nbsp; 数组（Array）
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list/" class="md-nav__link">
4.2. 链表（LinkedList）
4.2. &nbsp; 链表（LinkedList）
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list/" class="md-nav__link">
4.3. 列表（List）
4.3. &nbsp; 列表（List）
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
4.4. 小结
4.4. &nbsp; 小结
</a>
</li>
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
5. 栈与队列
5. &nbsp; &nbsp; 栈与队列
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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5. 栈与队列
5. &nbsp; &nbsp; 栈与队列
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/stack/" class="md-nav__link">
5.1. 栈（Stack）
5.1. &nbsp; 栈（Stack）
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/queue/" class="md-nav__link">
5.2. 队列（Queue）
5.2. &nbsp; 队列（Queue）
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/deque/" class="md-nav__link">
5.3. 双向队列（Deque）
5.3. &nbsp; 双向队列（Deque）
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
5.4. 小结
5.4. &nbsp; 小结
</a>
</li>
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_7" id="__nav_7_label" tabindex="0">
6. 散列表
6. &nbsp; &nbsp; 散列表
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
6. 散列表
6. &nbsp; &nbsp; 散列表
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_map/" class="md-nav__link">
6.1. 哈希表（HashMap）
6.1. &nbsp; 哈希表（HashMap）
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_collision/" class="md-nav__link">
6.2. 哈希冲突处理
6.2. &nbsp; 哈希冲突处理
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_hashing/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
6.3. 小结
6.3. &nbsp; 小结
</a>
</li>
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_8" id="__nav_8_label" tabindex="0">
7. 二叉树
7. &nbsp; &nbsp; 二叉树
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
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7. 二叉树
7. &nbsp; &nbsp; 二叉树
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
7.1. 二叉树（Binary Tree）
7.1. &nbsp; 二叉树（Binary Tree）
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
7.2. 二叉树遍历
7.2. &nbsp; 二叉树遍历
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_search_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
7.3. 二叉搜索树
7.3. &nbsp; 二叉搜索树
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_tree/avl_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
7.4. AVL 树 *
7.4. &nbsp; AVL 树 *
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_tree/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
7.5. 小结
7.5. &nbsp; 小结
</a>
</li>
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_9" id="__nav_9_label" tabindex="0">
8. 堆
8. &nbsp; &nbsp; 堆
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8. 堆
8. &nbsp; &nbsp; 堆
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_heap/heap/" class="md-nav__link">
8.1. 堆（Heap）
8.1. &nbsp; 堆（Heap）
</a>
</li>
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_10" id="__nav_10_label" tabindex="0">
9. 图
9. &nbsp; &nbsp; 图
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="true">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
9. 图
9. &nbsp; &nbsp; 图
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
@@ -1133,7 +1133,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../graph/" class="md-nav__link">
9.1. 图（Graph）
9.1. &nbsp; 图（Graph）
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../graph_operations/" class="md-nav__link">
9.2. 图基础操作
9.2. &nbsp; 图基础操作
</a>
</li>
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<label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
9.3. 图的遍历
9.3. &nbsp; 图的遍历
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
9.3. 图的遍历
9.3. &nbsp; 图的遍历
</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#931" class="md-nav__link">
9.3.1. 广度优先遍历
9.3.1. &nbsp; 广度优先遍历
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="9.3.1. 广度优先遍历">
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<li class="md-nav__item">
@@ -1222,10 +1222,10 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#932" class="md-nav__link">
9.3.2. 深度优先遍历
9.3.2. &nbsp; 深度优先遍历
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="9.3.2. 深度优先遍历">
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="9.3.2. &nbsp; 深度优先遍历">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_11" id="__nav_11_label" tabindex="0">
10. 查找算法
10. &nbsp; &nbsp; 查找算法
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
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10. 查找算法
10. &nbsp; &nbsp; 查找算法
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@@ -1310,7 +1310,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_searching/linear_search/" class="md-nav__link">
10.1. 线性查找
10.1. &nbsp; 线性查找
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search/" class="md-nav__link">
10.2. 二分查找
10.2. &nbsp; 二分查找
</a>
</li>
@@ -1338,7 +1338,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_searching/hashing_search/" class="md-nav__link">
10.3. 哈希查找
10.3. &nbsp; 哈希查找
</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_searching/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
10.4. 小结
10.4. &nbsp; 小结
</a>
</li>
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_12" id="__nav_12_label" tabindex="0">
11. 排序算法
11. &nbsp; &nbsp; 排序算法
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11. 排序算法
11. &nbsp; &nbsp; 排序算法
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/intro_to_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
11.1. 排序简介
11.1. &nbsp; 排序简介
</a>
</li>
@@ -1431,7 +1431,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bubble_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
11.2. 冒泡排序
11.2. &nbsp; 冒泡排序
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/insertion_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
11.3. 插入排序
11.3. &nbsp; 插入排序
</a>
</li>
@@ -1459,7 +1459,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/quick_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
11.4. 快速排序
11.4. &nbsp; 快速排序
</a>
</li>
@@ -1473,7 +1473,7 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/merge_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
11.5. 归并排序
11.5. &nbsp; 归并排序
</a>
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
11.6. 小结
11.6. &nbsp; 小结
</a>
</li>
@@ -1575,10 +1575,10 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#931" class="md-nav__link">
9.3.1. 广度优先遍历
9.3.1. &nbsp; 广度优先遍历
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<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
@@ -1602,10 +1602,10 @@
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#932" class="md-nav__link">
9.3.2. 深度优先遍历
9.3.2. &nbsp; 深度优先遍历
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="9.3.2. 深度优先遍历">
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="9.3.2. &nbsp; 深度优先遍历">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
@@ -1651,14 +1651,14 @@
<h1 id="93">9.3. 图的遍历<a class="headerlink" href="#93" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<h1 id="93">9.3. &nbsp; 图的遍历<a class="headerlink" href="#93" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">图与树的关系</p>
<p>树代表的是“一对多”的关系，而图则自由度更高，可以代表任意“多对多”关系。本质上，<strong>可以把树看作是图的一类特例</strong>。那么显然，树遍历操作也是图遍历操作的一个特例，两者的方法是非常类似的，建议你在学习本章节的过程中将两者融会贯通。</p>
</div>
<p>「图」与「树」都是非线性数据结构，都需要使用「搜索算法」来实现遍历操作。</p>
<p>类似地，图的遍历方式也分为两种，即「广度优先遍历 Breadth-First Traversal」和「深度优先遍历 Depth-First Travsersal」，也称「广度优先搜索 Breadth-First Search」和「深度优先搜索 Depth-First Search」，简称为 BFS 和 DFS 。</p>
<h2 id="931">9.3.1. 广度优先遍历<a class="headerlink" href="#931" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<h2 id="931">9.3.1. &nbsp; 广度优先遍历<a class="headerlink" href="#931" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p><strong>广度优先遍历优是一种由近及远的遍历方式，从距离最近的顶点开始访问，并一层层向外扩张</strong>。具体地，从某个顶点出发，先遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点，随后遍历下个顶点的所有邻接顶点，以此类推……</p>
<p><img alt="graph_bfs" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs.png" /></p>
<h3 id="_1">算法实现<a class="headerlink" href="#_1" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
@@ -1825,7 +1825,7 @@
<h3 id="_2">复杂度分析<a class="headerlink" href="#_2" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p><strong>时间复杂度：</strong> 所有顶点都会入队、出队一次，使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(|V|)\)</span> 时间；在遍历邻接顶点的过程中，由于是无向图，因此所有边都会被访问 <span class="arithmatex">\(2\)</span> 次，使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(2|E|)\)</span> 时间；总体使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(|V| + |E|)\)</span> 时间。</p>
<p><strong>空间复杂度：</strong> 列表 <code>res</code> ，哈希表 <code>visited</code> ，队列 <code>que</code> 中的顶点数量最多为 <span class="arithmatex">\(|V|\)</span> ，使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(|V|)\)</span> 空间。</p>
<h2 id="932">9.3.2. 深度优先遍历<a class="headerlink" href="#932" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<h2 id="932">9.3.2. &nbsp; 深度优先遍历<a class="headerlink" href="#932" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p><strong>深度优先遍历是一种优先走到底、无路可走再回头的遍历方式</strong>。具体地，从某个顶点出发，不断地访问当前结点的某个邻接顶点，直到走到尽头时回溯，再继续走到底 + 回溯，以此类推……直至所有顶点遍历完成时结束。</p>
<p><img alt="graph_dfs" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs.png" /></p>
<h3 id="_3">算法实现<a class="headerlink" href="#_3" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
@@ -2066,7 +2066,7 @@
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