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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../linked_list.assets/linkedlist_definition.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Linked list definition and storage method" class="animation-figure" src="../linked_list.assets/linkedlist_definition.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> Figure 4-5 &nbsp; Linked list definition and storage method </p>
<p>As shown in the figure, we see that the basic building block of a linked list is the <u>node</u> object. Each node comprises two key components: the node's "value" and a "reference" to the next node.</p>
<p>As shown in Figure 4-5, we see that the basic building block of a linked list is the <u>node</u> object. Each node comprises two key components: the node's "value" and a "reference" to the next node.</p>
<ul>
<li>The first node in a linked list is the "head node", and the final one is the "tail node".</li>
<li>The tail node points to "null", designated as <code>null</code> in Java, <code>nullptr</code> in C++, and <code>None</code> in Python.</li>
@@ -4083,7 +4083,7 @@
</div>
<p>The array as a whole is a variable, for instance, the array <code>nums</code> includes elements like <code>nums[0]</code>, <code>nums[1]</code>, and so on, whereas a linked list is made up of several distinct node objects. <strong>We typically refer to a linked list by its head node</strong>, for example, the linked list in the previous code snippet is referred to as <code>n0</code>.</p>
<h3 id="2-inserting-nodes">2. &nbsp; Inserting nodes<a class="headerlink" href="#2-inserting-nodes" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Inserting a node into a linked list is very easy. As shown in the figure, let's assume we aim to insert a new node <code>P</code> between two adjacent nodes <code>n0</code> and <code>n1</code>. <strong>This can be achieved by simply modifying two node references (pointers)</strong>, with a time complexity of <span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span>.</p>
<p>Inserting a node into a linked list is very easy. As shown in Figure 4-6, let's assume we aim to insert a new node <code>P</code> between two adjacent nodes <code>n0</code> and <code>n1</code>. <strong>This can be achieved by simply modifying two node references (pointers)</strong>, with a time complexity of <span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span>.</p>
<p>By comparison, inserting an element into an array has a time complexity of <span class="arithmatex">\(O(n)\)</span>, which becomes less efficient when dealing with large data volumes.</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../linked_list.assets/linkedlist_insert_node.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Linked list node insertion example" class="animation-figure" src="../linked_list.assets/linkedlist_insert_node.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> Figure 4-6 &nbsp; Linked list node insertion example </p>
@@ -4099,7 +4099,12 @@
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">linked_list.cpp</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1" href="#__codelineno-27-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="k">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">}</span>
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">linked_list.cpp</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1" href="#__codelineno-27-1"></a><span class="cm">/* Insert node P after node n0 in the linked list */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-2" name="__codelineno-27-2" href="#__codelineno-27-2"></a><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">n0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">P</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-3" name="__codelineno-27-3" href="#__codelineno-27-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">n1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n0</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-4" name="__codelineno-27-4" href="#__codelineno-27-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">P</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-5" name="__codelineno-27-5" href="#__codelineno-27-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n0</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">P</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-6" name="__codelineno-27-6" href="#__codelineno-27-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
@@ -4158,7 +4163,7 @@
</div>
</div>
<h3 id="3-deleting-nodes">3. &nbsp; Deleting nodes<a class="headerlink" href="#3-deleting-nodes" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>As shown in the figure, deleting a node from a linked list is also very easy, <strong>involving only the modification of a single node's reference (pointer)</strong>.</p>
<p>As shown in Figure 4-7, deleting a node from a linked list is also very easy, <strong>involving only the modification of a single node's reference (pointer)</strong>.</p>
<p>It's important to note that even though node <code>P</code> continues to point to <code>n1</code> after being deleted, it becomes inaccessible during linked list traversal. This effectively means that <code>P</code> is no longer a part of the linked list.</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../linked_list.assets/linkedlist_remove_node.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Linked list node deletion" class="animation-figure" src="../linked_list.assets/linkedlist_remove_node.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> Figure 4-7 &nbsp; Linked list node deletion </p>
@@ -4177,7 +4182,17 @@
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">linked_list.cpp</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-41-1" name="__codelineno-41-1" href="#__codelineno-41-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="k">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">}</span>
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">linked_list.cpp</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-41-1" name="__codelineno-41-1" href="#__codelineno-41-1"></a><span class="cm">/* Remove the first node after node n0 in the linked list */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-2" name="__codelineno-41-2" href="#__codelineno-41-2"></a><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">n0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-3" name="__codelineno-41-3" href="#__codelineno-41-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n0</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">nullptr</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-4" name="__codelineno-41-4" href="#__codelineno-41-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-5" name="__codelineno-41-5" href="#__codelineno-41-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// n0 -&gt; P -&gt; n1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-6" name="__codelineno-41-6" href="#__codelineno-41-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">P</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n0</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-7" name="__codelineno-41-7" href="#__codelineno-41-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">n1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">P</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-8" name="__codelineno-41-8" href="#__codelineno-41-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n0</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-9" name="__codelineno-41-9" href="#__codelineno-41-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Free memory</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-10" name="__codelineno-41-10" href="#__codelineno-41-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">delete</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">P</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-11" name="__codelineno-41-11" href="#__codelineno-41-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
@@ -4253,7 +4268,15 @@
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">linked_list.cpp</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-55-1" name="__codelineno-55-1" href="#__codelineno-55-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="k">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">access</span><span class="p">}</span>
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">linked_list.cpp</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-55-1" name="__codelineno-55-1" href="#__codelineno-55-1"></a><span class="cm">/* Access the node at `index` in the linked list */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-55-2" name="__codelineno-55-2" href="#__codelineno-55-2"></a><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">access</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">head</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-55-3" name="__codelineno-55-3" href="#__codelineno-55-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-55-4" name="__codelineno-55-4" href="#__codelineno-55-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">head</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">nullptr</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-55-5" name="__codelineno-55-5" href="#__codelineno-55-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">nullptr</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-55-6" name="__codelineno-55-6" href="#__codelineno-55-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">head</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">head</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-55-7" name="__codelineno-55-7" href="#__codelineno-55-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-55-8" name="__codelineno-55-8" href="#__codelineno-55-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">head</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-55-9" name="__codelineno-55-9" href="#__codelineno-55-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
@@ -4331,7 +4354,17 @@
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">linked_list.cpp</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-69-1" name="__codelineno-69-1" href="#__codelineno-69-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="k">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">}</span>
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">linked_list.cpp</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-69-1" name="__codelineno-69-1" href="#__codelineno-69-1"></a><span class="cm">/* Search for the first node with value target in the linked list */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-69-2" name="__codelineno-69-2" href="#__codelineno-69-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">head</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">target</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-69-3" name="__codelineno-69-3" href="#__codelineno-69-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">index</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-69-4" name="__codelineno-69-4" href="#__codelineno-69-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">head</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">nullptr</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-69-5" name="__codelineno-69-5" href="#__codelineno-69-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">head</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">target</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-69-6" name="__codelineno-69-6" href="#__codelineno-69-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-69-7" name="__codelineno-69-7" href="#__codelineno-69-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">head</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">head</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-69-8" name="__codelineno-69-8" href="#__codelineno-69-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">index</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-69-9" name="__codelineno-69-9" href="#__codelineno-69-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-69-10" name="__codelineno-69-10" href="#__codelineno-69-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">-1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-69-11" name="__codelineno-69-11" href="#__codelineno-69-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
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@@ -4442,7 +4475,7 @@
</table>
</div>
<h2 id="423-common-types-of-linked-lists">4.2.3 &nbsp; Common types of linked lists<a class="headerlink" href="#423-common-types-of-linked-lists" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>As shown in the figure, there are three common types of linked lists.</p>
<p>As shown in Figure 4-8, there are three common types of linked lists.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Singly linked list</strong>: This is the standard linked list described earlier. Nodes in a singly linked list include a value and a reference to the next node. The first node is known as the head node, and the last node, which points to null (<code>None</code>), is the tail node.</li>
<li><strong>Circular linked list</strong>: This is formed when the tail node of a singly linked list points back to the head node, creating a loop. In a circular linked list, any node can function as the head node.</li>