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krahets
2026-03-29 05:07:03 +08:00
parent 9e8c0cb36c
commit 9466700256
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en/chapter_divide_and_conquer/binary_search_recur/index.html
+50 -128
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@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
<link rel="icon" href="../../assets/images/favicon.png">
<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.7.1">
<meta name="generator" content="zensical-0.0.29">
@@ -43,10 +43,15 @@
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/main.484c7ddc.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/palette.ab4e12ef.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/modern/main.6f2fbb28.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/modern/palette.dfe2e883.min.css">
@@ -60,29 +65,20 @@
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CJetBrains+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i%7CJetBrains+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
<style>:root{--md-text-font:"Lato";--md-code-font:"JetBrains Mono"}</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../stylesheets/extra.css">
<script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce(((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0)),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
<script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce(((e,t)=>(e<<5)-e+t.charCodeAt(0)),0),__md_get=(e,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(t.getItem(("__palette"===e?"/":a.pathname)+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,t,a=localStorage,_=__md_scope)=>{try{a.setItem(("__palette"===e?"/":_.pathname)+"."+e,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}},document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-platform",navigator.platform)</script>
<link href="../../assets/stylesheets/glightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/><style>
html.glightbox-open { overflow: initial; height: 100%; }
.gslide-title { margin-top: 0px; user-select: text; }
.gslide-desc { color: #666; user-select: text; }
.gslide-image img { background: white; }
.gscrollbar-fixer { padding-right: 15px; }
.gdesc-inner { font-size: 0.75rem; }
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gdesc-inner { background: var(--md-default-bg-color);}
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-title { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-desc { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}</style> <script src="../../assets/javascripts/glightbox.min.js"></script></head>
</head>
@@ -97,7 +93,7 @@
<input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="drawer" type="checkbox" id="__drawer" autocomplete="off">
<input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="search" type="checkbox" id="__search" autocomplete="off">
<label class="md-overlay" for="__drawer"></label>
<label class="md-overlay" for="__drawer" aria-label="Navigation"></label>
<div data-md-component="skip">
@@ -139,12 +135,12 @@
<nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label="Header">
<a href="../.." title="Hello Algo" class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label="Hello Algo" data-md-component="logo">
<img src="../../assets/images/logo.svg" alt="logo">
<img src="../../assets/images/logo.svg" alt="Hello Algo">
</a>
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer" aria-label="Navigation">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" class="lucide lucide-menu" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16"/></svg>
</label>
<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
<div class="md-header__ellipsis">
@@ -156,7 +152,7 @@
<div class="md-header__topic" data-md-component="header-topic">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
12.2 Divide and Conquer Search Strategy
12.2 &nbsp; Divide and Conquer Search Strategy
</span>
</div>
@@ -169,7 +165,7 @@
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="white" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="none" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="white" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.5 2c-1.79 1.15-3 3.18-3 5.5s1.21 4.35 3.03 5.5C4.46 13 2 10.54 2 7.5A5.5 5.5 0 0 1 7.5 2m11.57 1.5 1.43 1.43L4.93 20.5 3.5 19.07zm-6.18 2.43L11.41 5 9.97 6l.42-1.7L9 3.24l1.75-.12.58-1.65L12 3.1l1.73.03-1.35 1.13zm-3.3 3.61-1.16-.73-1.12.78.34-1.32-1.09-.83 1.36-.09.45-1.29.51 1.27 1.36.03-1.05.87zM19 13.5a5.5 5.5 0 0 1-5.5 5.5c-1.22 0-2.35-.4-3.26-1.07l7.69-7.69c.67.91 1.07 2.04 1.07 3.26m-4.4 6.58 2.77-1.15-.24 3.35zm4.33-2.7 1.15-2.77 2.2 2.54zm1.15-4.96-1.14-2.78 3.34.24zM9.63 18.93l2.77 1.15-2.53 2.19z"/></svg>
@@ -179,7 +175,7 @@
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="black" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="none" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="black" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.5 2c-1.79 1.15-3 3.18-3 5.5s1.21 4.35 3.03 5.5C4.46 13 2 10.54 2 7.5A5.5 5.5 0 0 1 7.5 2m11.57 1.5 1.43 1.43L4.93 20.5 3.5 19.07zm-6.18 2.43L11.41 5 9.97 6l.42-1.7L9 3.24l1.75-.12.58-1.65L12 3.1l1.73.03-1.35 1.13zm-3.3 3.61-1.16-.73-1.12.78.34-1.32-1.09-.83 1.36-.09.45-1.29.51 1.27 1.36.03-1.05.87zM19 13.5a5.5 5.5 0 0 1-5.5 5.5c-1.22 0-2.35-.4-3.26-1.07l7.69-7.69c.67.91 1.07 2.04 1.07 3.26m-4.4 6.58 2.77-1.15-.24 3.35zm4.33-2.7 1.15-2.77 2.2 2.54zm1.15-4.96-1.14-2.78 3.34.24zM9.63 18.93l2.77 1.15-2.53 2.19z"/></svg>
@@ -197,7 +193,7 @@
<div class="md-select">
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"/></svg>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" class="lucide lucide-languages" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m5 8 6 6M4 14l6-6 2-3M2 5h12M7 2h1M22 22l-5-10-5 10M14 18h6"/></svg>
</button>
<div class="md-select__inner">
<ul class="md-select__list">
@@ -240,64 +236,30 @@
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search" aria-label="Search">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" class="lucide lucide-search" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m21 21-4.34-4.34"/><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"/></svg>
</label>
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
<div class="md-search__inner" role="search">
<form class="md-search__form" name="search">
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
</label>
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"/></svg>
</a>
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"/></svg>
</button>
</nav>
<div class="md-search__suggest" data-md-component="search-suggest"></div>
</form>
<div class="md-search__output">
<div class="md-search__scrollwrap" tabindex="0" data-md-scrollfix>
<div class="md-search-result" data-md-component="search-result">
<div class="md-search-result__meta">
Initializing search
</div>
<ol class="md-search-result__list" role="presentation"></ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog" aria-label="Search">
<button type="button" class="md-search__button">
Search
</button>
</div>
<div class="md-header__source">
<div class="md-header__source">
<a href="https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
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</div>
<div class="md-source__repository">
krahets/hello-algo
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
</header>
@@ -325,7 +287,7 @@
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__drawer">
<a href="../.." title="Hello Algo" class="md-nav__button md-logo" aria-label="Hello Algo" data-md-component="logo">
<img src="../../assets/images/logo.svg" alt="logo">
<img src="../../assets/images/logo.svg" alt="Hello Algo">
</a>
Hello Algo
@@ -335,7 +297,7 @@
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<li>Repeat steps <code>1.</code> and <code>2.</code> until <code>target</code> is found or the interval is empty and return.</li>
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<p>Figure 12-4 shows the divide and conquer process of binary search for element <span class="arithmatex">\(6\)</span> in an array.</p>
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<p align="center"> Figure 12-4 &nbsp; Divide and conquer process of binary search </p>
<p>In the implementation code, we declare a recursive function <code>dfs()</code> to solve the problem <span class="arithmatex">\(f(i, j)\)</span>:</p>
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@@ -335,7 +297,7 @@
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@@ -3229,7 +3191,7 @@
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@@ -3248,7 +3210,8 @@
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@@ -3257,7 +3220,7 @@
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@@ -4340,7 +4303,8 @@
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@@ -4349,7 +4313,7 @@
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@@ -4425,7 +4389,7 @@
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@@ -4439,7 +4403,7 @@
<p class="admonition-title">Question</p>
<p>Given the preorder traversal <code>preorder</code> and inorder traversal <code>inorder</code> of a binary tree, construct the binary tree and return the root node of the binary tree. Assume there are no duplicate node values in the binary tree (as shown in Figure 12-5).</p>
</div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../build_binary_tree_problem.assets/build_tree_example.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Example data for building a binary tree" class="animation-figure" src="../build_binary_tree_problem.assets/build_tree_example.png" /></a></p>
<p><img alt="Example data for building a binary tree" class="animation-figure" src="../build_binary_tree_problem.assets/build_tree_example.png" /></p>
<p align="center"> Figure 12-5 &nbsp; Example data for building a binary tree </p>
<h3 id="1-determining-if-it-is-a-divide-and-conquer-problem">1. &nbsp; Determining If It Is a Divide and Conquer Problem<a class="headerlink" href="#1-determining-if-it-is-a-divide-and-conquer-problem" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
@@ -4462,7 +4426,7 @@
<li>Find the index of root node 3 in <code>inorder</code>, and use this index to divide <code>inorder</code> into <code>[ 9 | 3 ｜ 1 2 7 ]</code>.</li>
<li>Based on the division result of <code>inorder</code>, it is easy to determine that the left and right subtrees have 1 and 3 nodes respectively, allowing us to divide <code>preorder</code> into <code>[ 3 | 9 | 2 1 7 ]</code>.</li>
</ol>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../build_binary_tree_problem.assets/build_tree_preorder_inorder_division.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Dividing subtrees in preorder and inorder traversals" class="animation-figure" src="../build_binary_tree_problem.assets/build_tree_preorder_inorder_division.png" /></a></p>
<p><img alt="Dividing subtrees in preorder and inorder traversals" class="animation-figure" src="../build_binary_tree_problem.assets/build_tree_preorder_inorder_division.png" /></p>
<p align="center"> Figure 12-6 &nbsp; Dividing subtrees in preorder and inorder traversals </p>
<h3 id="3-describing-subtree-intervals-based-on-variables">3. &nbsp; Describing Subtree Intervals Based on Variables<a class="headerlink" href="#3-describing-subtree-intervals-based-on-variables" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
@@ -4504,7 +4468,7 @@
</table>
</div>
<p>Please note that <span class="arithmatex">\((m-l)\)</span> in the right subtree root node index means "the number of nodes in the left subtree". It is recommended to understand this in conjunction with Figure 12-7.</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../build_binary_tree_problem.assets/build_tree_division_pointers.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Index interval representation of root node and left and right subtrees" class="animation-figure" src="../build_binary_tree_problem.assets/build_tree_division_pointers.png" /></a></p>
<p><img alt="Index interval representation of root node and left and right subtrees" class="animation-figure" src="../build_binary_tree_problem.assets/build_tree_division_pointers.png" /></p>
<p align="center"> Figure 12-7 &nbsp; Index interval representation of root node and left and right subtrees </p>
<h3 id="4-code-implementation">4. &nbsp; Code Implementation<a class="headerlink" href="#4-code-implementation" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
@@ -4932,38 +4896,38 @@
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="2:9"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_2_1" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_2" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_3" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_4" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_5" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_6" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_7" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_8" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_9" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_2_1">&lt;1&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_2_2">&lt;2&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_2_3">&lt;3&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_2_4">&lt;4&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_2_5">&lt;5&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_2_6">&lt;6&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_2_7">&lt;7&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_2_8">&lt;8&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_2_9">&lt;9&gt;</label></div>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step1.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Recursive process of building a binary tree" class="animation-figure" src="../build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step1.png" /></a></p>
<p><img alt="Recursive process of building a binary tree" class="animation-figure" src="../build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step1.png" /></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step2.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="built_tree_step2" class="animation-figure" src="../build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step2.png" /></a></p>
<p><img alt="built_tree_step2" class="animation-figure" src="../build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step2.png" /></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step3.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="built_tree_step3" class="animation-figure" src="../build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step3.png" /></a></p>
<p><img alt="built_tree_step3" class="animation-figure" src="../build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step3.png" /></p>
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<p align="center"> Figure 12-8 &nbsp; Recursive process of building a binary tree </p>
<p>The division results of the preorder traversal <code>preorder</code> and inorder traversal <code>inorder</code> within each recursive function are shown in Figure 12-9.</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_overall.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Division results in each recursive function" class="animation-figure" src="../build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_overall.png" /></a></p>
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<p align="center"> Figure 12-9 &nbsp; Division results in each recursive function </p>
<p>Let the number of nodes in the tree be <span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span>. Initializing each node (executing one recursive function <code>dfs()</code>) takes <span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span> time. <strong>Therefore, the overall time complexity is <span class="arithmatex">\(O(n)\)</span></strong>.</p>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" class="lucide lucide-menu" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4 5h16M4 12h16M4 19h16"/></svg>
</label>
<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
<div class="md-header__ellipsis">
@@ -156,7 +152,7 @@
<div class="md-header__topic" data-md-component="header-topic">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
12.1 Divide and Conquer Algorithms
12.1 &nbsp; Divide and Conquer Algorithms
</span>
</div>
@@ -169,7 +165,7 @@
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="white" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="none" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="white" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.5 2c-1.79 1.15-3 3.18-3 5.5s1.21 4.35 3.03 5.5C4.46 13 2 10.54 2 7.5A5.5 5.5 0 0 1 7.5 2m11.57 1.5 1.43 1.43L4.93 20.5 3.5 19.07zm-6.18 2.43L11.41 5 9.97 6l.42-1.7L9 3.24l1.75-.12.58-1.65L12 3.1l1.73.03-1.35 1.13zm-3.3 3.61-1.16-.73-1.12.78.34-1.32-1.09-.83 1.36-.09.45-1.29.51 1.27 1.36.03-1.05.87zM19 13.5a5.5 5.5 0 0 1-5.5 5.5c-1.22 0-2.35-.4-3.26-1.07l7.69-7.69c.67.91 1.07 2.04 1.07 3.26m-4.4 6.58 2.77-1.15-.24 3.35zm4.33-2.7 1.15-2.77 2.2 2.54zm1.15-4.96-1.14-2.78 3.34.24zM9.63 18.93l2.77 1.15-2.53 2.19z"/></svg>
@@ -179,7 +175,7 @@
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="black" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="none" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="black" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.5 2c-1.79 1.15-3 3.18-3 5.5s1.21 4.35 3.03 5.5C4.46 13 2 10.54 2 7.5A5.5 5.5 0 0 1 7.5 2m11.57 1.5 1.43 1.43L4.93 20.5 3.5 19.07zm-6.18 2.43L11.41 5 9.97 6l.42-1.7L9 3.24l1.75-.12.58-1.65L12 3.1l1.73.03-1.35 1.13zm-3.3 3.61-1.16-.73-1.12.78.34-1.32-1.09-.83 1.36-.09.45-1.29.51 1.27 1.36.03-1.05.87zM19 13.5a5.5 5.5 0 0 1-5.5 5.5c-1.22 0-2.35-.4-3.26-1.07l7.69-7.69c.67.91 1.07 2.04 1.07 3.26m-4.4 6.58 2.77-1.15-.24 3.35zm4.33-2.7 1.15-2.77 2.2 2.54zm1.15-4.96-1.14-2.78 3.34.24zM9.63 18.93l2.77 1.15-2.53 2.19z"/></svg>
@@ -197,7 +193,7 @@
<div class="md-select">
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"/></svg>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" class="lucide lucide-languages" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m5 8 6 6M4 14l6-6 2-3M2 5h12M7 2h1M22 22l-5-10-5 10M14 18h6"/></svg>
</button>
<div class="md-select__inner">
<ul class="md-select__list">
@@ -240,64 +236,30 @@
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search" aria-label="Search">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" class="lucide lucide-search" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m21 21-4.34-4.34"/><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"/></svg>
</label>
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
<div class="md-search__inner" role="search">
<form class="md-search__form" name="search">
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
</label>
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"/></svg>
</a>
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"/></svg>
</button>
</nav>
<div class="md-search__suggest" data-md-component="search-suggest"></div>
</form>
<div class="md-search__output">
<div class="md-search__scrollwrap" tabindex="0" data-md-scrollfix>
<div class="md-search-result" data-md-component="search-result">
<div class="md-search-result__meta">
Initializing search
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<ol class="md-search-result__list" role="presentation"></ol>
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<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog" aria-label="Search">
<button type="button" class="md-search__button">
Search
</button>
</div>
<div class="md-header__source">
<div class="md-header__source">
<a href="https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
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</div>
<div class="md-source__repository">
krahets/hello-algo
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
</header>
@@ -325,7 +287,7 @@
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__drawer">
<a href="../.." title="Hello Algo" class="md-nav__button md-logo" aria-label="Hello Algo" data-md-component="logo">
<img src="../../assets/images/logo.svg" alt="logo">
<img src="../../assets/images/logo.svg" alt="Hello Algo">
</a>
Hello Algo
@@ -335,7 +297,7 @@
<a href="https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
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</div>
<div class="md-source__repository">
krahets/hello-algo
@@ -3173,7 +3135,7 @@
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
<a href="././" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
@@ -3192,7 +3154,8 @@
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="On this page">
@@ -3201,7 +3164,7 @@
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Table of contents
On this page
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<li><strong>Divide</strong>: Recursively divide the original array (original problem) into two subarrays (subproblems) until the subarray has only one element (smallest subproblem).</li>
<li><strong>Conquer</strong>: Merge the sorted subarrays (solutions to subproblems) from bottom to top to obtain a sorted original array (solution to the original problem).</li>
</ol>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../divide_and_conquer.assets/divide_and_conquer_merge_sort.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Divide and conquer strategy of merge sort" class="animation-figure" src="../divide_and_conquer.assets/divide_and_conquer_merge_sort.png" /></a></p>
<p><img alt="Divide and conquer strategy of merge sort" class="animation-figure" src="../divide_and_conquer.assets/divide_and_conquer_merge_sort.png" /></p>
<p align="center"> Figure 12-1 &nbsp; Divide and conquer strategy of merge sort </p>
<h2 id="1211-how-to-determine-divide-and-conquer-problems">12.1.1 &nbsp; How to Determine Divide and Conquer Problems<a class="headerlink" href="#1211-how-to-determine-divide-and-conquer-problems" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
@@ -4503,7 +4467,7 @@
<div class="arithmatex">\[
O(n + (\frac{n}{2})^2 \times 2 + n) = O(\frac{n^2}{2} + 2n)
\]</div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../divide_and_conquer.assets/divide_and_conquer_bubble_sort.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Bubble sort before and after array division" class="animation-figure" src="../divide_and_conquer.assets/divide_and_conquer_bubble_sort.png" /></a></p>
<p><img alt="Bubble sort before and after array division" class="animation-figure" src="../divide_and_conquer.assets/divide_and_conquer_bubble_sort.png" /></p>
<p align="center"> Figure 12-2 &nbsp; Bubble sort before and after array division </p>
<p>Next, we compute the following inequality, where the left and right sides represent the total number of operations before and after division, respectively:</p>
@@ -4521,7 +4485,7 @@ n(n - 4) &amp; &gt; 0
<p>We know that the subproblems generated by divide and conquer are independent of each other, <strong>so they can typically be solved in parallel</strong>. This means divide and conquer can not only reduce the time complexity of algorithms, <strong>but also benefits from parallel optimization by operating systems</strong>.</p>
<p>Parallel optimization is particularly effective in multi-core or multi-processor environments, as the system can simultaneously handle multiple subproblems, making fuller use of computing resources and significantly reducing overall runtime.</p>
<p>For example, in the "bucket sort" shown in Figure 12-3, we evenly distribute massive data into various buckets, and the sorting tasks for all buckets can be distributed to various computing units. After completion, the results are merged.</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../divide_and_conquer.assets/divide_and_conquer_parallel_computing.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Parallel computation in bucket sort" class="animation-figure" src="../divide_and_conquer.assets/divide_and_conquer_parallel_computing.png" /></a></p>
<p><img alt="Parallel computation in bucket sort" class="animation-figure" src="../divide_and_conquer.assets/divide_and_conquer_parallel_computing.png" /></p>
<p align="center"> Figure 12-3 &nbsp; Parallel computation in bucket sort </p>
<h2 id="1213-common-applications-of-divide-and-conquer">12.1.3 &nbsp; Common Applications of Divide and Conquer<a class="headerlink" href="#1213-common-applications-of-divide-and-conquer" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
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en/chapter_divide_and_conquer/hanota_problem/index.html
+63 -141
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<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.7.1">
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<nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label="Header">
<a href="../.." title="Hello Algo" class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label="Hello Algo" data-md-component="logo">
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<div class="md-header__topic" data-md-component="header-topic">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
12.4 Hanoi Tower Problem
12.4 &nbsp; Hanota Problem
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<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
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@@ -4423,7 +4387,7 @@
<li>A smaller disc must always be on top of a larger disc.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_example.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Example of the hanota problem" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_example.png" /></a></p>
<p><img alt="Example of the hanota problem" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_example.png" /></p>
<p align="center"> Figure 12-10 &nbsp; Example of the hanota problem </p>
<p><strong>We denote the hanota problem of size <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> as <span class="arithmatex">\(f(i)\)</span></strong>. For example, <span class="arithmatex">\(f(3)\)</span> represents moving <span class="arithmatex">\(3\)</span> discs from <code>A</code> to <code>C</code>.</p>
@@ -4432,10 +4396,10 @@
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="1:2"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_1_1" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_2" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_1_1">&lt;1&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_1_2">&lt;2&gt;</label></div>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f1_step1.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Solution for a problem of size 1" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f1_step1.png" /></a></p>
<p><img alt="Solution for a problem of size 1" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f1_step1.png" /></p>
</div>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f1_step2.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="hanota_f1_step2" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f1_step2.png" /></a></p>
<p><img alt="hanota_f1_step2" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f1_step2.png" /></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
@@ -4450,16 +4414,16 @@
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="2:4"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_2_1" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_2" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_3" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_4" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_2_1">&lt;1&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_2_2">&lt;2&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_2_3">&lt;3&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_2_4">&lt;4&gt;</label></div>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f2_step1.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Solution for a problem of size 2" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f2_step1.png" /></a></p>
<p><img alt="Solution for a problem of size 2" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f2_step1.png" /></p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f2_step2.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="hanota_f2_step2" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f2_step2.png" /></a></p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f2_step3.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="hanota_f2_step3" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f2_step3.png" /></a></p>
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<p><img alt="hanota_f2_step4" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f2_step4.png" /></p>
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</div>
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@@ -4477,16 +4441,16 @@
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<div class="tabbed-content">
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f3_step1.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Solution for a problem of size 3" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f3_step1.png" /></a></p>
<p><img alt="Solution for a problem of size 3" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f3_step1.png" /></p>
</div>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f3_step2.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="hanota_f3_step2" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f3_step2.png" /></a></p>
<p><img alt="hanota_f3_step2" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f3_step2.png" /></p>
</div>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f3_step3.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="hanota_f3_step3" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f3_step3.png" /></a></p>
<p><img alt="hanota_f3_step3" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f3_step3.png" /></p>
</div>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f3_step4.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="hanota_f3_step4" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f3_step4.png" /></a></p>
<p><img alt="hanota_f3_step4" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_f3_step4.png" /></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
@@ -4500,7 +4464,7 @@
<li>Move <span class="arithmatex">\(n-1\)</span> discs from <code>B</code> to <code>C</code> with the help of <code>A</code>.</li>
</ol>
<p>For these two subproblems <span class="arithmatex">\(f(n-1)\)</span>, <strong>we can recursively divide them in the same way</strong> until reaching the smallest subproblem <span class="arithmatex">\(f(1)\)</span>. The solution to <span class="arithmatex">\(f(1)\)</span> is known and requires only one move operation.</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_divide_and_conquer.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Divide and conquer strategy for solving the hanota problem" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_divide_and_conquer.png" /></a></p>
<p><img alt="Divide and conquer strategy for solving the hanota problem" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_divide_and_conquer.png" /></p>
<p align="center"> Figure 12-14 &nbsp; Divide and conquer strategy for solving the hanota problem </p>
<h3 id="3-code-implementation">3. &nbsp; Code Implementation<a class="headerlink" href="#3-code-implementation" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
@@ -4930,7 +4894,7 @@
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</div>
<p>As shown in Figure 12-15, the hanota problem forms a recursion tree of height <span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span>, where each node represents a subproblem corresponding to an invocation of the <code>dfs()</code> function, <strong>therefore the time complexity is <span class="arithmatex">\(O(2^n)\)</span> and the space complexity is <span class="arithmatex">\(O(n)\)</span></strong>.</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_recursive_tree.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Recursion tree of the hanota problem" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_recursive_tree.png" /></a></p>
<p><img alt="Recursion tree of the hanota problem" class="animation-figure" src="../hanota_problem.assets/hanota_recursive_tree.png" /></p>
<p align="center"> Figure 12-15 &nbsp; Recursion tree of the hanota problem </p>
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en/chapter_divide_and_conquer/index.html
+56 -135
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@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
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@@ -4311,7 +4274,7 @@
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<h1 id="chapter-12-divide-and-conquer">Chapter 12. &nbsp; Divide and Conquer<a class="headerlink" href="#chapter-12-divide-and-conquer" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../assets/covers/chapter_divide_and_conquer.jpg" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Divide and conquer" class="cover-image" src="../assets/covers/chapter_divide_and_conquer.jpg" /></a></p>
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<p>Difficult problems are decomposed layer by layer, with each decomposition making them simpler.</p>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"/></svg>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" class="lucide lucide-languages" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m5 8 6 6M4 14l6-6 2-3M2 5h12M7 2h1M22 22l-5-10-5 10M14 18h6"/></svg>
</button>
<div class="md-select__inner">
<ul class="md-select__list">
@@ -240,64 +236,30 @@
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search" aria-label="Search">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" class="lucide lucide-search" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m21 21-4.34-4.34"/><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"/></svg>
</label>
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
<div class="md-search__inner" role="search">
<form class="md-search__form" name="search">
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
</label>
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"/></svg>
</a>
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"/></svg>
</button>
</nav>
<div class="md-search__suggest" data-md-component="search-suggest"></div>
</form>
<div class="md-search__output">
<div class="md-search__scrollwrap" tabindex="0" data-md-scrollfix>
<div class="md-search-result" data-md-component="search-result">
<div class="md-search-result__meta">
Initializing search
</div>
<ol class="md-search-result__list" role="presentation"></ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog" aria-label="Search">
<button type="button" class="md-search__button">
Search
</button>
</div>
<div class="md-header__source">
<div class="md-header__source">
<a href="https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path fill="currentColor" d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
</div>
<div class="md-source__repository">
krahets/hello-algo
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
</header>
@@ -325,7 +287,7 @@
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__drawer">
<a href="../.." title="Hello Algo" class="md-nav__button md-logo" aria-label="Hello Algo" data-md-component="logo">
<img src="../../assets/images/logo.svg" alt="logo">
<img src="../../assets/images/logo.svg" alt="Hello Algo">
</a>
Hello Algo
@@ -335,7 +297,7 @@
<a href="https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
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</div>
<div class="md-source__repository">
krahets/hello-algo
@@ -3285,7 +3247,7 @@
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
<a href="././" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
@@ -3304,7 +3266,8 @@
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="On this page">
@@ -3313,7 +3276,7 @@
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Table of contents
On this page
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
@@ -4307,7 +4270,8 @@
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="On this page">
@@ -4316,7 +4280,7 @@
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Table of contents
On this page
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
@@ -4359,7 +4323,7 @@
class="md-content__button md-icon"
>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M441 58.9 453.1 71c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9L424 134.1 377.9 88 407 58.9c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0zM209.8 256.2 344 121.9l46.1 46.1-134.3 134.2c-2.9 2.9-6.5 5-10.4 6.1L186.9 325l16.7-58.5c1.1-3.9 3.2-7.5 6.1-10.4zM373.1 25 175.8 222.2c-8.7 8.7-15 19.4-18.3 31.1l-28.6 100c-2.4 8.4-.1 17.4 6.1 23.6s15.2 8.5 23.6 6.1l100-28.6c11.8-3.4 22.5-9.7 31.1-18.3L487 138.9c28.1-28.1 28.1-73.7 0-101.8L474.9 25c-28.1-28.1-73.7-28.1-101.8 0M88 64c-48.6 0-88 39.4-88 88v272c0 48.6 39.4 88 88 88h272c48.6 0 88-39.4 88-88V312c0-13.3-10.7-24-24-24s-24 10.7-24 24v112c0 22.1-17.9 40-40 40H88c-22.1 0-40-17.9-40-40V152c0-22.1 17.9-40 40-40h112c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24s-10.7-24-24-24z"/></svg>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path fill="currentColor" d="M441 58.9 453.1 71c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9L424 134.1 377.9 88 407 58.9c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0zM209.8 256.2 344 121.9l46.1 46.1-134.3 134.2c-2.9 2.9-6.5 5-10.4 6.1L186.9 325l16.7-58.5c1.1-3.9 3.2-7.5 6.1-10.4zM373.1 25 175.8 222.2c-8.7 8.7-15 19.4-18.3 31.1l-28.6 100c-2.4 8.4-.1 17.4 6.1 23.6s15.2 8.5 23.6 6.1l100-28.6c11.8-3.4 22.5-9.7 31.1-18.3L487 138.9c28.1-28.1 28.1-73.7 0-101.8L474.9 25c-28.1-28.1-73.7-28.1-101.8 0M88 64c-48.6 0-88 39.4-88 88v272c0 48.6 39.4 88 88 88h272c48.6 0 88-39.4 88-88V312c0-13.3-10.7-24-24-24s-24 10.7-24 24v112c0 22.1-17.9 40-40 40H88c-22.1 0-40-17.9-40-40V152c0-22.1 17.9-40 40-40h112c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24s-10.7-24-24-24z"/></svg>
</a>
@@ -4408,7 +4372,7 @@ aria-label="Footer"
>
<div class="md-footer__button md-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" class="lucide lucide-arrow-left" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12 19-7-7 7-7M19 12H5"/></svg>
</div>
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