[feat] add ruby code - chapter dynamic programming (#1378)

codes/ruby/chapter_dynamic_programming/climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+=begin
+File: climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.rb
+Created Time: 2024-05-29
+Author: Xuan Khoa Tu Nguyen (ngxktuzkai2000@gmail.com)
+=end
+
+### 带约束爬楼梯：动态规划 ###
+def climbing_stairs_backtrack(n)
+  return 1 if n == 1 || n == 2
+
+  # 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
+  dp = Array.new(n + 1) { Array.new(3, 0) }
+  # 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
+  dp[1][1], dp[1][2] = 1, 0
+  dp[2][1], dp[2][2] = 0, 1
+  # 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
+  for i in 3...(n + 1)
+    dp[i][1] = dp[i - 1][2]
+    dp[i][2] = dp[i - 2][1] + dp[i - 2][2]
+  end
+
+  dp[n][1] + dp[n][2]
+end
+
+### Driver Code ###
+if __FILE__ == $0
+  n = 9
+
+  res = climbing_stairs_backtrack(n)
+  puts "爬 #{n} 阶楼梯共有 #{res} 种方案"
+end