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zh-hant/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list/index.html
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<h2 id="424">4.2.4 &nbsp; 鏈結串列典型應用<a class="headerlink" href="#424" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>單向鏈結串列通常用於實現堆疊、佇列、雜湊表和圖等資料結構。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>堆疊與佇列</strong>：當插入和刪除操作都在鏈結串列的一端進行時，它表現出先進後出的特性，對應堆疊；當插入操作在鏈結串列的一端進行，刪除操作在鏈結串列的另一端進行，它表現出先進先出的特性，對應佇列。</li>
<li><strong>堆疊與佇列</strong>：當插入和刪除操作都在鏈結串列的一端進行時，它表現的特性為先進後出，對應堆疊；當插入操作在鏈結串列的一端進行，刪除操作在鏈結串列的另一端進行，它表現的特性為先進先出，對應佇列。</li>
<li><strong>雜湊表</strong>：鏈式位址是解決雜湊衝突的主流方案之一，在該方案中，所有衝突的元素都會被放到一個鏈結串列中。</li>
<li><strong>圖</strong>：鄰接表是表示圖的一種常用方式，其中圖的每個頂點都與一個鏈結串列相關聯，鏈結串列中的每個元素都代表與該頂點相連的其他頂點。</li>
</ul>
zh-hant/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/ram_and_cache/index.html
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../ram_and_cache.assets/storage_pyramid.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="計算機儲存系統" class="animation-figure" src="../ram_and_cache.assets/storage_pyramid.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> 圖 4-9 &nbsp; 計算機儲存系統 </p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
<p>計算機的儲存層次結構體現了速度、容量和成本三者之間的精妙平衡。實際上，這種權衡普遍存在於所有工業領域，它要求我們在不同的優勢和限制之間找到最佳平衡點。</p>
</div>
<p>總的來說，<strong>硬碟用於長期儲存大量資料，記憶體用於臨時儲存程式執行中正在處理的資料，而快取則用於儲存經常訪問的資料和指令</strong>，以提高程式執行效率。三者共同協作，確保計算機系統高效執行。</p>
zh-hant/chapter_backtracking/permutations_problem/index.html
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../permutations_problem.assets/permutations_ii.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="重複排列" class="animation-figure" src="../permutations_problem.assets/permutations_ii.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> 圖 13-7 &nbsp; 重複排列 </p>
<p>那麼如何去除重複的排列呢？最直接地，考慮藉助一個雜湊表，直接對排列結果進行去重。然而這樣做不夠優雅，<strong>因為生成重複排列的搜尋分支沒有必要，應當提前識別並剪枝</strong>，這樣可以進一步提升演算法效率。</p>
<p>那麼如何去除重複的排列呢？最直接地，考慮藉助一個雜湊集合，直接對排列結果進行去重。然而這樣做不夠優雅，<strong>因為生成重複排列的搜尋分支沒有必要，應當提前識別並剪枝</strong>，這樣可以進一步提升演算法效率。</p>
<h3 id="1_1">1. &nbsp; 相等元素剪枝<a class="headerlink" href="#1_1" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>觀察圖 13-8 ，在第一輪中，選擇 <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span> 或選擇 <span class="arithmatex">\(\hat{1}\)</span> 是等價的，在這兩個選擇之下生成的所有排列都是重複的。因此應該把 <span class="arithmatex">\(\hat{1}\)</span> 剪枝。</p>
<p>同理，在第一輪選擇 <span class="arithmatex">\(2\)</span> 之後，第二輪選擇中的 <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span> 和 <span class="arithmatex">\(\hat{1}\)</span> 也會產生重複分支，因此也應將第二輪的 <span class="arithmatex">\(\hat{1}\)</span> 剪枝。</p>
@@ -4229,7 +4229,7 @@
<p align="center"> 圖 13-8 &nbsp; 重複排列剪枝 </p>
<h3 id="2_1">2. &nbsp; 程式碼實現<a class="headerlink" href="#2_1" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>在上一題的程式碼的基礎上，我們考慮在每一輪選擇中開啟一個雜湊表 <code>duplicated</code> ，用於記錄該輪中已經嘗試過的元素，並將重複元素剪枝：</p>
<p>在上一題的程式碼的基礎上，我們考慮在每一輪選擇中開啟一個雜湊集合 <code>duplicated</code> ，用於記錄該輪中已經嘗試過的元素，並將重複元素剪枝：</p>
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="2:14"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_2_1" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_2" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_3" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_4" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_5" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_6" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_7" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_8" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_9" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_10" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_11" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_12" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_13" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_14" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_2_1">Python</label><label for="__tabbed_2_2">C++</label><label for="__tabbed_2_3">Java</label><label for="__tabbed_2_4">C#</label><label for="__tabbed_2_5">Go</label><label for="__tabbed_2_6">Swift</label><label for="__tabbed_2_7">JS</label><label for="__tabbed_2_8">TS</label><label for="__tabbed_2_9">Dart</label><label for="__tabbed_2_10">Rust</label><label for="__tabbed_2_11">C</label><label for="__tabbed_2_12">Kotlin</label><label for="__tabbed_2_13">Ruby</label><label for="__tabbed_2_14">Zig</label></div>
<div class="tabbed-content">
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zh-hant/chapter_backtracking/summary/index.html
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<li>回溯問題通常包含多個約束條件，它們可用於實現剪枝操作。剪枝可以提前結束不必要的搜尋分支，大幅提升搜尋效率。</li>
<li>回溯演算法主要可用於解決搜尋問題和約束滿足問題。組合最佳化問題雖然可以用回溯演算法解決，但往往存在效率更高或效果更好的解法。</li>
<li>全排列問題旨在搜尋給定集合元素的所有可能的排列。我們藉助一個陣列來記錄每個元素是否被選擇，剪掉重複選擇同一元素的搜尋分支，確保每個元素只被選擇一次。</li>
<li>在全排列問題中，如果集合中存在重複元素，則最終結果會出現重複排列。我們需要約束相等元素在每輪中只能被選擇一次，這通常藉助一個雜湊表來實現。</li>
<li>在全排列問題中，如果集合中存在重複元素，則最終結果會出現重複排列。我們需要約束相等元素在每輪中只能被選擇一次，這通常藉助一個雜湊集合來實現。</li>
<li>子集和問題的目標是在給定集合中找到和為目標值的所有子集。集合不區分元素順序，而搜尋過程會輸出所有順序的結果，產生重複子集。我們在回溯前將資料進行排序，並設定一個變數來指示每一輪的走訪起始點，從而將生成重複子集的搜尋分支進行剪枝。</li>
<li>對於子集和問題，陣列中的相等元素會產生重複集合。我們利用陣列已排序的前置條件，透過判斷相鄰元素是否相等實現剪枝，從而確保相等元素在每輪中只能被選中一次。</li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span> 皇后問題旨在尋找將 <span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span> 個皇后放置到 <span class="arithmatex">\(n \times n\)</span> 尺寸棋盤上的方案，要求所有皇后兩兩之間無法攻擊對方。該問題的約束條件有行約束、列約束、主對角線和次對角線約束。為滿足行約束，我們採用按行放置的策略，保證每一行放置一個皇后。</li>
zh-hant/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity/index.html
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<p><span class="arithmatex">\(T(n)\)</span> 是一次函式，說明其執行時間的增長趨勢是線性的，因此它的時間複雜度是線性階。</p>
<p>我們將線性階的時間複雜度記為 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(n)\)</span> ，這個數學符號稱為<u>大 <span class="arithmatex">\(O\)</span> 記號（big-<span class="arithmatex">\(O\)</span> notation）</u>，表示函式 <span class="arithmatex">\(T(n)\)</span> 的<u>漸近上界（asymptotic upper bound）</u>。</p>
<p>時間複雜度分析本質上是計算“操作數量 <span class="arithmatex">\(T(n)\)</span>”的漸近上界，它具有明確的數學定義。</p>
<div class="admonition abstract">
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">函式漸近上界</p>
<p>若存在正實數 <span class="arithmatex">\(c\)</span> 和實數 <span class="arithmatex">\(n_0\)</span> ，使得對於所有的 <span class="arithmatex">\(n &gt; n_0\)</span> ，均有 <span class="arithmatex">\(T(n) \leq c \cdot f(n)\)</span> ，則可認為 <span class="arithmatex">\(f(n)\)</span> 給出了 <span class="arithmatex">\(T(n)\)</span> 的一個漸近上界，記為 <span class="arithmatex">\(T(n) = O(f(n))\)</span> 。</p>
</div>
zh-hant/chapter_data_structure/number_encoding/index.html
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<!-- Page content -->
<h1 id="33">3.3 &nbsp; 數字編碼 *<a class="headerlink" href="#33" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
<p>在本書中，標題帶有 * 符號的是選讀章節。如果你時間有限或感到理解困難，可以先跳過，等學完必讀章節後再單獨攻克。</p>
</div>
<h2 id="331">3.3.1 &nbsp; 原碼、一補數和二補數<a class="headerlink" href="#331" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
zh-hant/chapter_graph/graph_operations/index.html
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</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_adjacency_matrix.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1" href="#__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="no">GraphAdjMat</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{}</span>
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_adjacency_matrix.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1" href="#__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="c1">### 基於鄰接矩陣實現的無向圖類別 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2" href="#__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">GraphAdjMat</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3" href="#__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">initialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vertices</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">edges</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4" href="#__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">### 建構子 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5" href="#__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 頂點串列，元素代表“頂點值”，索引代表“頂點索引”</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6" href="#__codelineno-12-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@vertices</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7" href="#__codelineno-12-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 鄰接矩陣，行列索引對應“頂點索引”</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8" href="#__codelineno-12-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_mat</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-9" name="__codelineno-12-9" href="#__codelineno-12-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 新增頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-10" name="__codelineno-12-10" href="#__codelineno-12-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vertices</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">each</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">add_vertex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-11" name="__codelineno-12-11" href="#__codelineno-12-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 新增邊</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-12" name="__codelineno-12-12" href="#__codelineno-12-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 請注意，edges 元素代表頂點索引，即對應 vertices 元素索引</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-13" name="__codelineno-12-13" href="#__codelineno-12-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">edges</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">each</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">add_edge</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-14" name="__codelineno-12-14" href="#__codelineno-12-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-15" name="__codelineno-12-15" href="#__codelineno-12-15"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-12-16" name="__codelineno-12-16" href="#__codelineno-12-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">### 獲取頂點數量 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-17" name="__codelineno-12-17" href="#__codelineno-12-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">size</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-18" name="__codelineno-12-18" href="#__codelineno-12-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@vertices</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">length</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-19" name="__codelineno-12-19" href="#__codelineno-12-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-20" name="__codelineno-12-20" href="#__codelineno-12-20"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-12-21" name="__codelineno-12-21" href="#__codelineno-12-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">### 新增頂點 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-22" name="__codelineno-12-22" href="#__codelineno-12-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">add_vertex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-23" name="__codelineno-12-23" href="#__codelineno-12-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-24" name="__codelineno-12-24" href="#__codelineno-12-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 向頂點串列中新增新頂點的值</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-25" name="__codelineno-12-25" href="#__codelineno-12-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@vertices</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-26" name="__codelineno-12-26" href="#__codelineno-12-26"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 在鄰接矩陣中新增一行</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-27" name="__codelineno-12-27" href="#__codelineno-12-27"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">new_row</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-28" name="__codelineno-12-28" href="#__codelineno-12-28"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_mat</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">new_row</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-29" name="__codelineno-12-29" href="#__codelineno-12-29"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 在鄰接矩陣中新增一列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-30" name="__codelineno-12-30" href="#__codelineno-12-30"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_mat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">each</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">row</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-31" name="__codelineno-12-31" href="#__codelineno-12-31"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-32" name="__codelineno-12-32" href="#__codelineno-12-32"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-12-33" name="__codelineno-12-33" href="#__codelineno-12-33"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">### 刪除頂點 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-34" name="__codelineno-12-34" href="#__codelineno-12-34"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">remove_vertex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-35" name="__codelineno-12-35" href="#__codelineno-12-35"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">raise</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">IndexError</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">index</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-36" name="__codelineno-12-36" href="#__codelineno-12-36"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-12-37" name="__codelineno-12-37" href="#__codelineno-12-37"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 在頂點串列中移除索引 index 的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-38" name="__codelineno-12-38" href="#__codelineno-12-38"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@vertices</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">delete_at</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-39" name="__codelineno-12-39" href="#__codelineno-12-39"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 在鄰接矩陣中刪除索引 index 的行</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-40" name="__codelineno-12-40" href="#__codelineno-12-40"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_mat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">delete_at</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-41" name="__codelineno-12-41" href="#__codelineno-12-41"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 在鄰接矩陣中刪除索引 index 的列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-42" name="__codelineno-12-42" href="#__codelineno-12-42"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_mat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">each</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">row</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">delete_at</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-43" name="__codelineno-12-43" href="#__codelineno-12-43"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-44" name="__codelineno-12-44" href="#__codelineno-12-44"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-12-45" name="__codelineno-12-45" href="#__codelineno-12-45"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">### 新增邊 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-46" name="__codelineno-12-46" href="#__codelineno-12-46"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">add_edge</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">j</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-47" name="__codelineno-12-47" href="#__codelineno-12-47"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 參數 i, j 對應 vertices 元素索引</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-48" name="__codelineno-12-48" href="#__codelineno-12-48"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 索引越界與相等處理</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-49" name="__codelineno-12-49" href="#__codelineno-12-49"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">j</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">j</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">j</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-50" name="__codelineno-12-50" href="#__codelineno-12-50"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">raise</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">IndexError</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-51" name="__codelineno-12-51" href="#__codelineno-12-51"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-52" name="__codelineno-12-52" href="#__codelineno-12-52"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 在無向圖中，鄰接矩陣關於主對角線對稱，即滿足 (i, j) == (j, i)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-53" name="__codelineno-12-53" href="#__codelineno-12-53"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_mat</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="n">j</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-54" name="__codelineno-12-54" href="#__codelineno-12-54"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_mat</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">j</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-55" name="__codelineno-12-55" href="#__codelineno-12-55"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-56" name="__codelineno-12-56" href="#__codelineno-12-56"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-12-57" name="__codelineno-12-57" href="#__codelineno-12-57"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">### 刪除邊 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-58" name="__codelineno-12-58" href="#__codelineno-12-58"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">remove_edge</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">j</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-59" name="__codelineno-12-59" href="#__codelineno-12-59"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 參數 i, j 對應 vertices 元素索引</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-60" name="__codelineno-12-60" href="#__codelineno-12-60"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 索引越界與相等處理</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-61" name="__codelineno-12-61" href="#__codelineno-12-61"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">j</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">j</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">j</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-62" name="__codelineno-12-62" href="#__codelineno-12-62"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">raise</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">IndexError</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-63" name="__codelineno-12-63" href="#__codelineno-12-63"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-64" name="__codelineno-12-64" href="#__codelineno-12-64"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_mat</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="n">j</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-65" name="__codelineno-12-65" href="#__codelineno-12-65"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_mat</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">j</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-66" name="__codelineno-12-66" href="#__codelineno-12-66"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-67" name="__codelineno-12-67" href="#__codelineno-12-67"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-12-68" name="__codelineno-12-68" href="#__codelineno-12-68"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">### 列印鄰接矩陣 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-69" name="__codelineno-12-69" href="#__codelineno-12-69"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">__print__</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-70" name="__codelineno-12-70" href="#__codelineno-12-70"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">puts</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;頂點串列 = </span><span class="si">#{</span><span class="vi">@vertices</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-71" name="__codelineno-12-71" href="#__codelineno-12-71"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">puts</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;鄰接矩陣 =&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-72" name="__codelineno-12-72" href="#__codelineno-12-72"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">print_matrix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vi">@adj_mat</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-73" name="__codelineno-12-73" href="#__codelineno-12-73"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-74" name="__codelineno-12-74" href="#__codelineno-12-74"></a><span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
@@ -5801,7 +5874,73 @@
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_adjacency_list.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1" href="#__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="no">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{}</span>
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_adjacency_list.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1" href="#__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="c1">### 基於鄰接表實現的無向圖類別 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2" href="#__codelineno-26-2"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">GraphAdjList</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-3" name="__codelineno-26-3" href="#__codelineno-26-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">attr_reader</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">:adj_list</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-4" name="__codelineno-26-4" href="#__codelineno-26-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-5" name="__codelineno-26-5" href="#__codelineno-26-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">### 建構子 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-6" name="__codelineno-26-6" href="#__codelineno-26-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">initialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">edges</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-7" name="__codelineno-26-7" href="#__codelineno-26-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 鄰接表，key：頂點，value：該頂點的所有鄰接頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-8" name="__codelineno-26-8" href="#__codelineno-26-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_list</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-9" name="__codelineno-26-9" href="#__codelineno-26-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 新增所有頂點和邊</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-10" name="__codelineno-26-10" href="#__codelineno-26-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">edge</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">edges</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-11" name="__codelineno-26-11" href="#__codelineno-26-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">add_vertex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">edge</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-12" name="__codelineno-26-12" href="#__codelineno-26-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">add_vertex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">edge</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-13" name="__codelineno-26-13" href="#__codelineno-26-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">add_edge</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">edge</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">edge</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-14" name="__codelineno-26-14" href="#__codelineno-26-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-15" name="__codelineno-26-15" href="#__codelineno-26-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-16" name="__codelineno-26-16" href="#__codelineno-26-16"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-17" name="__codelineno-26-17" href="#__codelineno-26-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">### 獲取頂點數量 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-18" name="__codelineno-26-18" href="#__codelineno-26-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">size</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-19" name="__codelineno-26-19" href="#__codelineno-26-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">length</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-20" name="__codelineno-26-20" href="#__codelineno-26-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-21" name="__codelineno-26-21" href="#__codelineno-26-21"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-22" name="__codelineno-26-22" href="#__codelineno-26-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">### 新增邊 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-23" name="__codelineno-26-23" href="#__codelineno-26-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">add_edge</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-24" name="__codelineno-26-24" href="#__codelineno-26-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">raise</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">ArgumentError</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!</span><span class="vi">@adj_list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">include?</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!</span><span class="vi">@adj_list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">include?</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-25" name="__codelineno-26-25" href="#__codelineno-26-25"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-26" name="__codelineno-26-26" href="#__codelineno-26-26"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_list</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">vet1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet2</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-27" name="__codelineno-26-27" href="#__codelineno-26-27"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_list</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">vet2</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-28" name="__codelineno-26-28" href="#__codelineno-26-28"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-29" name="__codelineno-26-29" href="#__codelineno-26-29"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-30" name="__codelineno-26-30" href="#__codelineno-26-30"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">### 刪除邊 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-31" name="__codelineno-26-31" href="#__codelineno-26-31"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">remove_edge</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-32" name="__codelineno-26-32" href="#__codelineno-26-32"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">raise</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">ArgumentError</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!</span><span class="vi">@adj_list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">include?</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!</span><span class="vi">@adj_list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">include?</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-33" name="__codelineno-26-33" href="#__codelineno-26-33"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-34" name="__codelineno-26-34" href="#__codelineno-26-34"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 刪除邊 vet1 - vet2</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-35" name="__codelineno-26-35" href="#__codelineno-26-35"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_list</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">vet1</span><span class="o">].</span><span class="n">delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-36" name="__codelineno-26-36" href="#__codelineno-26-36"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_list</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">vet2</span><span class="o">].</span><span class="n">delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-37" name="__codelineno-26-37" href="#__codelineno-26-37"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-38" name="__codelineno-26-38" href="#__codelineno-26-38"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-39" name="__codelineno-26-39" href="#__codelineno-26-39"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">### 新增頂點 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-40" name="__codelineno-26-40" href="#__codelineno-26-40"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">add_vertex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-41" name="__codelineno-26-41" href="#__codelineno-26-41"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">include?</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-42" name="__codelineno-26-42" href="#__codelineno-26-42"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-43" name="__codelineno-26-43" href="#__codelineno-26-43"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 在鄰接表中新增一個新鏈結串列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-44" name="__codelineno-26-44" href="#__codelineno-26-44"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_list</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-45" name="__codelineno-26-45" href="#__codelineno-26-45"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-46" name="__codelineno-26-46" href="#__codelineno-26-46"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-47" name="__codelineno-26-47" href="#__codelineno-26-47"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">### 刪除頂點 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-48" name="__codelineno-26-48" href="#__codelineno-26-48"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">remove_vertex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-49" name="__codelineno-26-49" href="#__codelineno-26-49"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">raise</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">ArgumentError</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">unless</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">include?</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-50" name="__codelineno-26-50" href="#__codelineno-26-50"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-51" name="__codelineno-26-51" href="#__codelineno-26-51"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 在鄰接表中刪除頂點 vet 對應的鏈結串列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-52" name="__codelineno-26-52" href="#__codelineno-26-52"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-53" name="__codelineno-26-53" href="#__codelineno-26-53"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 走訪其他頂點的鏈結串列，刪除所有包含 vet 的邊</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-54" name="__codelineno-26-54" href="#__codelineno-26-54"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_list</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-55" name="__codelineno-26-55" href="#__codelineno-26-55"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_list</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">vertex</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="o">].</span><span class="n">delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_list</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">vertex</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="o">].</span><span class="n">include?</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-56" name="__codelineno-26-56" href="#__codelineno-26-56"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-57" name="__codelineno-26-57" href="#__codelineno-26-57"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-58" name="__codelineno-26-58" href="#__codelineno-26-58"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-59" name="__codelineno-26-59" href="#__codelineno-26-59"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">### 列印鄰接表 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-60" name="__codelineno-26-60" href="#__codelineno-26-60"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">__print__</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-61" name="__codelineno-26-61" href="#__codelineno-26-61"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">puts</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;鄰接表 =&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-62" name="__codelineno-26-62" href="#__codelineno-26-62"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_list</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-63" name="__codelineno-26-63" href="#__codelineno-26-63"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@adj_list</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">vertex</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="o">].</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-64" name="__codelineno-26-64" href="#__codelineno-26-64"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">puts</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="si">#{</span><span class="n">vertex</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">: </span><span class="si">#{</span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">,&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-65" name="__codelineno-26-65" href="#__codelineno-26-65"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-66" name="__codelineno-26-66" href="#__codelineno-26-66"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-67" name="__codelineno-26-67" href="#__codelineno-26-67"></a><span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
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zh-hant/chapter_graph/graph_traversal/index.html
+75 -30
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@@ -3709,7 +3709,11 @@
<li>在迴圈的每輪迭代中，彈出佇列首頂點並記錄訪問，然後將該頂點的所有鄰接頂點加入到佇列尾部。</li>
<li>迴圈步驟 <code>2.</code> ，直到所有頂點被訪問完畢後結束。</li>
</ol>
<p>為了防止重複走訪頂點，我們需要藉助一個雜湊表 <code>visited</code> 來記錄哪些節點已被訪問。</p>
<p>為了防止重複走訪頂點，我們需要藉助一個雜湊集合 <code>visited</code> 來記錄哪些節點已被訪問。</p>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
<p>雜湊集合可以看作一個只儲存 <code>key</code> 而不儲存 <code>value</code> 的雜湊表，它可以在 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span> 時間複雜度下進行 <code>key</code> 的增刪查改操作。根據 <code>key</code> 的唯一性，雜湊集合通常用於資料去重等場景。</p>
</div>
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<div class="tabbed-content">
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@@ -3718,7 +3722,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a> <span class="c1"># 使用鄰接表來表示圖，以便獲取指定頂點的所有鄰接頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a> <span class="c1"># 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a> <span class="n">res</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a> <span class="c1"># 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a> <span class="c1"># 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7" href="#__codelineno-0-7"></a> <span class="n">visited</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">]([</span><span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="p">])</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8" href="#__codelineno-0-8"></a> <span class="c1"># 佇列用於實現 BFS</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9" href="#__codelineno-0-9"></a> <span class="n">que</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">deque</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">]([</span><span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="p">])</span>
@@ -3742,7 +3746,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3" href="#__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graphBFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4" href="#__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5" href="#__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6" href="#__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6" href="#__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7" href="#__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">unordered_set</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">};</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8" href="#__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 佇列用於實現 BFS</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9" href="#__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">queue</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">;</span>
@@ -3771,7 +3775,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">graphBFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4" href="#__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5" href="#__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ArrayList</span><span class="o">&lt;&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6" href="#__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6" href="#__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7" href="#__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Set</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HashSet</span><span class="o">&lt;&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8" href="#__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9" href="#__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 佇列用於實現 BFS</span>
@@ -3800,7 +3804,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3" href="#__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GraphBFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4" href="#__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5" href="#__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6" href="#__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6" href="#__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7" href="#__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HashSet</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8" href="#__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 佇列用於實現 BFS</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9" href="#__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Queue</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="p">();</span>
@@ -3829,7 +3833,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3" href="#__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="kd">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">graphBFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">g</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">graphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4" href="#__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5" href="#__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">make</span><span class="p">([]</span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6" href="#__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6" href="#__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7" href="#__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">make</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">map</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="kd">struct</span><span class="p">{})</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8" href="#__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">struct</span><span class="p">{}{}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9" href="#__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 佇列用於實現 BFS, 使用切片模擬佇列</span>
@@ -3863,7 +3867,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3" href="#__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">graphBFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4" href="#__codelineno-5-4"></a> <span class="c1">// 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5" href="#__codelineno-5-5"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">res</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6" href="#__codelineno-5-6"></a> <span class="c1">// 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6" href="#__codelineno-5-6"></a> <span class="c1">// 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7" href="#__codelineno-5-7"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">visited</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Set</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8" href="#__codelineno-5-8"></a> <span class="c1">// 佇列用於實現 BFS</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9" href="#__codelineno-5-9"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">que</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">]</span>
@@ -3891,7 +3895,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3" href="#__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">graphBFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4" href="#__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5" href="#__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6" href="#__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6" href="#__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7" href="#__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Set</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8" href="#__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9" href="#__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 佇列用於實現 BFS</span>
@@ -3920,7 +3924,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3" href="#__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">graphBFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">graph</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Vertex</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4" href="#__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5" href="#__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Vertex</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6" href="#__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6" href="#__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7" href="#__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Set</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Set</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8" href="#__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9" href="#__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 佇列用於實現 BFS</span>
@@ -3949,7 +3953,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3" href="#__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 使用鄰接表來表示圖，以便獲取指定頂點的所有鄰接頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4" href="#__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5" href="#__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6" href="#__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6" href="#__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7" href="#__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Set</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{};</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8" href="#__codelineno-8-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9" href="#__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 佇列用於實現 BFS</span>
@@ -3979,7 +3983,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3" href="#__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">graph_bfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span>: <span class="nc">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">start_vet</span>: <span class="nc">Vertex</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span>-&gt; <span class="nb">Vec</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4" href="#__codelineno-9-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5" href="#__codelineno-9-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="fm">vec!</span><span class="p">[];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-6" name="__codelineno-9-6" href="#__codelineno-9-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-6" name="__codelineno-9-6" href="#__codelineno-9-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-7" name="__codelineno-9-7" href="#__codelineno-9-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HashSet</span>::<span class="n">new</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-8" name="__codelineno-9-8" href="#__codelineno-9-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-9" name="__codelineno-9-9" href="#__codelineno-9-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 佇列用於實現 BFS</span>
@@ -4083,7 +4087,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3" href="#__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="kd">fun</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">graphBFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">):</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MutableList</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex?&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4" href="#__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5" href="#__codelineno-11-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mutableListOf</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex?&gt;</span><span class="p">()</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6" href="#__codelineno-11-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6" href="#__codelineno-11-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7" href="#__codelineno-11-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HashSet</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">()</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8" href="#__codelineno-11-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-9" name="__codelineno-11-9" href="#__codelineno-11-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 佇列用於實現 BFS</span>
@@ -4107,7 +4111,29 @@
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_bfs.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1" href="#__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">graph_bfs</span><span class="p">}</span>
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_bfs.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1" href="#__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="c1">### 廣度優先走訪 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2" href="#__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">graph_bfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3" href="#__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 使用鄰接表來表示圖，以便獲取指定頂點的所有鄰接頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4" href="#__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5" href="#__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6" href="#__codelineno-12-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7" href="#__codelineno-12-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">Set</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8" href="#__codelineno-12-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 佇列用於實現 BFS</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-9" name="__codelineno-12-9" href="#__codelineno-12-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="o">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-10" name="__codelineno-12-10" href="#__codelineno-12-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 以頂點 vet 為起點，迴圈直至訪問完所有頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-11" name="__codelineno-12-11" href="#__codelineno-12-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">length</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-12" name="__codelineno-12-12" href="#__codelineno-12-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shift</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 佇列首頂點出隊</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-13" name="__codelineno-12-13" href="#__codelineno-12-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 記錄訪問頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-14" name="__codelineno-12-14" href="#__codelineno-12-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 走訪該頂點的所有鄰接頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-15" name="__codelineno-12-15" href="#__codelineno-12-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">adj_list</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="o">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-16" name="__codelineno-12-16" href="#__codelineno-12-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">include?</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 跳過已被訪問的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-17" name="__codelineno-12-17" href="#__codelineno-12-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 只入列未訪問的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-18" name="__codelineno-12-18" href="#__codelineno-12-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 標記該頂點已被訪問</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-19" name="__codelineno-12-19" href="#__codelineno-12-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-20" name="__codelineno-12-20" href="#__codelineno-12-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-21" name="__codelineno-12-21" href="#__codelineno-12-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 返回頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-22" name="__codelineno-12-22" href="#__codelineno-12-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-23" name="__codelineno-12-23" href="#__codelineno-12-23"></a><span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
@@ -4167,14 +4193,14 @@
</div>
<h3 id="2">2. &nbsp; 複雜度分析<a class="headerlink" href="#2" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p><strong>時間複雜度</strong>：所有頂點都會入列並出隊一次，使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(|V|)\)</span> 時間；在走訪鄰接頂點的過程中，由於是無向圖，因此所有邊都會被訪問 <span class="arithmatex">\(2\)</span> 次，使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(2|E|)\)</span> 時間；總體使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(|V| + |E|)\)</span> 時間。</p>
<p><strong>空間複雜度</strong>：串列 <code>res</code> ，雜湊表 <code>visited</code> ，佇列 <code>que</code> 中的頂點數量最多為 <span class="arithmatex">\(|V|\)</span> ，使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(|V|)\)</span> 空間。</p>
<p><strong>空間複雜度</strong>：串列 <code>res</code> ，雜湊集合 <code>visited</code> ，佇列 <code>que</code> 中的頂點數量最多為 <span class="arithmatex">\(|V|\)</span> ，使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(|V|)\)</span> 空間。</p>
<h2 id="932">9.3.2 &nbsp; 深度優先走訪<a class="headerlink" href="#932" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p><strong>深度優先走訪是一種優先走到底、無路可走再回頭的走訪方式</strong>。如圖 9-11 所示，從左上角頂點出發，訪問當前頂點的某個鄰接頂點，直到走到盡頭時返回，再繼續走到盡頭並返回，以此類推，直至所有頂點走訪完成。</p>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="圖的深度優先走訪" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> 圖 9-11 &nbsp; 圖的深度優先走訪 </p>
<h3 id="1_1">1. &nbsp; 演算法實現<a class="headerlink" href="#1_1" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>這種“走到盡頭再返回”的演算法範式通常基於遞迴來實現。與廣度優先走訪類似，在深度優先走訪中，我們也需要藉助一個雜湊表 <code>visited</code> 來記錄已被訪問的頂點，以避免重複訪問頂點。</p>
<p>這種“走到盡頭再返回”的演算法範式通常基於遞迴來實現。與廣度優先走訪類似，在深度優先走訪中，我們也需要藉助一個雜湊集合 <code>visited</code> 來記錄已被訪問的頂點，以避免重複訪問頂點。</p>
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="3:14"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_3_1" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_2" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_3" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_4" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_5" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_6" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_7" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_8" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_9" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_10" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_11" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_12" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_13" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_14" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_3_1">Python</label><label for="__tabbed_3_2">C++</label><label for="__tabbed_3_3">Java</label><label for="__tabbed_3_4">C#</label><label for="__tabbed_3_5">Go</label><label for="__tabbed_3_6">Swift</label><label for="__tabbed_3_7">JS</label><label for="__tabbed_3_8">TS</label><label for="__tabbed_3_9">Dart</label><label for="__tabbed_3_10">Rust</label><label for="__tabbed_3_11">C</label><label for="__tabbed_3_12">Kotlin</label><label for="__tabbed_3_13">Ruby</label><label for="__tabbed_3_14">Zig</label></div>
<div class="tabbed-content">
<div class="tabbed-block">
@@ -4194,7 +4220,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-14-14" name="__codelineno-14-14" href="#__codelineno-14-14"></a> <span class="c1"># 使用鄰接表來表示圖，以便獲取指定頂點的所有鄰接頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-15" name="__codelineno-14-15" href="#__codelineno-14-15"></a> <span class="c1"># 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-16" name="__codelineno-14-16" href="#__codelineno-14-16"></a> <span class="n">res</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-17" name="__codelineno-14-17" href="#__codelineno-14-17"></a> <span class="c1"># 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-17" name="__codelineno-14-17" href="#__codelineno-14-17"></a> <span class="c1"># 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-18" name="__codelineno-14-18" href="#__codelineno-14-18"></a> <span class="n">visited</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">]()</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-19" name="__codelineno-14-19" href="#__codelineno-14-19"></a> <span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-20" name="__codelineno-14-20" href="#__codelineno-14-20"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">res</span>
@@ -4219,7 +4245,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-15-16" name="__codelineno-15-16" href="#__codelineno-15-16"></a><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graphDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-17" name="__codelineno-15-17" href="#__codelineno-15-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-18" name="__codelineno-15-18" href="#__codelineno-15-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-19" name="__codelineno-15-19" href="#__codelineno-15-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-19" name="__codelineno-15-19" href="#__codelineno-15-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-20" name="__codelineno-15-20" href="#__codelineno-15-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">unordered_set</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-21" name="__codelineno-15-21" href="#__codelineno-15-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-22" name="__codelineno-15-22" href="#__codelineno-15-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
@@ -4245,7 +4271,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-16-16" name="__codelineno-16-16" href="#__codelineno-16-16"></a><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">graphDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-17" name="__codelineno-16-17" href="#__codelineno-16-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-18" name="__codelineno-16-18" href="#__codelineno-16-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ArrayList</span><span class="o">&lt;&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-19" name="__codelineno-16-19" href="#__codelineno-16-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-19" name="__codelineno-16-19" href="#__codelineno-16-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-20" name="__codelineno-16-20" href="#__codelineno-16-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Set</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HashSet</span><span class="o">&lt;&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-21" name="__codelineno-16-21" href="#__codelineno-16-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-22" name="__codelineno-16-22" href="#__codelineno-16-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
@@ -4272,7 +4298,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-17-17" name="__codelineno-17-17" href="#__codelineno-17-17"></a><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GraphDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-18" name="__codelineno-17-18" href="#__codelineno-17-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-19" name="__codelineno-17-19" href="#__codelineno-17-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-20" name="__codelineno-17-20" href="#__codelineno-17-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-20" name="__codelineno-17-20" href="#__codelineno-17-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-21" name="__codelineno-17-21" href="#__codelineno-17-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HashSet</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-22" name="__codelineno-17-22" href="#__codelineno-17-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-23" name="__codelineno-17-23" href="#__codelineno-17-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
@@ -4300,7 +4326,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-18-18" name="__codelineno-18-18" href="#__codelineno-18-18"></a><span class="kd">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">graphDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">g</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">graphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-19" name="__codelineno-18-19" href="#__codelineno-18-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-20" name="__codelineno-18-20" href="#__codelineno-18-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">make</span><span class="p">([]</span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-21" name="__codelineno-18-21" href="#__codelineno-18-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-21" name="__codelineno-18-21" href="#__codelineno-18-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-22" name="__codelineno-18-22" href="#__codelineno-18-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">make</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">map</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="kd">struct</span><span class="p">{})</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-23" name="__codelineno-18-23" href="#__codelineno-18-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">g</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-24" name="__codelineno-18-24" href="#__codelineno-18-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 返回頂點走訪序列</span>
@@ -4328,7 +4354,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-19-17" name="__codelineno-19-17" href="#__codelineno-19-17"></a><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">graphDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-19-18" name="__codelineno-19-18" href="#__codelineno-19-18"></a> <span class="c1">// 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-19-19" name="__codelineno-19-19" href="#__codelineno-19-19"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">res</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-19-20" name="__codelineno-19-20" href="#__codelineno-19-20"></a> <span class="c1">// 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-19-20" name="__codelineno-19-20" href="#__codelineno-19-20"></a> <span class="c1">// 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-19-21" name="__codelineno-19-21" href="#__codelineno-19-21"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">visited</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Set</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-19-22" name="__codelineno-19-22" href="#__codelineno-19-22"></a> <span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">&amp;</span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">res</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">&amp;</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-19-23" name="__codelineno-19-23" href="#__codelineno-19-23"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">res</span>
@@ -4356,7 +4382,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-20-18" name="__codelineno-20-18" href="#__codelineno-20-18"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">graphDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-20-19" name="__codelineno-20-19" href="#__codelineno-20-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-20-20" name="__codelineno-20-20" href="#__codelineno-20-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-20-21" name="__codelineno-20-21" href="#__codelineno-20-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-20-21" name="__codelineno-20-21" href="#__codelineno-20-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-20-22" name="__codelineno-20-22" href="#__codelineno-20-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Set</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-20-23" name="__codelineno-20-23" href="#__codelineno-20-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-20-24" name="__codelineno-20-24" href="#__codelineno-20-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
@@ -4388,7 +4414,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-21-22" name="__codelineno-21-22" href="#__codelineno-21-22"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">graphDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">graph</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Vertex</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-23" name="__codelineno-21-23" href="#__codelineno-21-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-24" name="__codelineno-21-24" href="#__codelineno-21-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Vertex</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-25" name="__codelineno-21-25" href="#__codelineno-21-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-25" name="__codelineno-21-25" href="#__codelineno-21-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-26" name="__codelineno-21-26" href="#__codelineno-21-26"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Set</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Set</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-27" name="__codelineno-21-27" href="#__codelineno-21-27"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-28" name="__codelineno-21-28" href="#__codelineno-21-28"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
@@ -4419,7 +4445,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-22-21" name="__codelineno-22-21" href="#__codelineno-22-21"></a><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graphDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-22" name="__codelineno-22-22" href="#__codelineno-22-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-23" name="__codelineno-22-23" href="#__codelineno-22-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-24" name="__codelineno-22-24" href="#__codelineno-22-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-24" name="__codelineno-22-24" href="#__codelineno-22-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-25" name="__codelineno-22-25" href="#__codelineno-22-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Set</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{};</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-26" name="__codelineno-22-26" href="#__codelineno-22-26"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-27" name="__codelineno-22-27" href="#__codelineno-22-27"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
@@ -4448,7 +4474,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-23-19" name="__codelineno-23-19" href="#__codelineno-23-19"></a><span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">graph_dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span>: <span class="nc">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">start_vet</span>: <span class="nc">Vertex</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span>-&gt; <span class="nb">Vec</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-20" name="__codelineno-23-20" href="#__codelineno-23-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-21" name="__codelineno-23-21" href="#__codelineno-23-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="fm">vec!</span><span class="p">[];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-22" name="__codelineno-23-22" href="#__codelineno-23-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-22" name="__codelineno-23-22" href="#__codelineno-23-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-23" name="__codelineno-23-23" href="#__codelineno-23-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HashSet</span>::<span class="n">new</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-24" name="__codelineno-23-24" href="#__codelineno-23-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-25" name="__codelineno-23-25" href="#__codelineno-23-25"></a>
@@ -4515,7 +4541,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-25-21" name="__codelineno-25-21" href="#__codelineno-25-21"></a><span class="kd">fun</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">graphDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex?)</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MutableList</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex?&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-22" name="__codelineno-25-22" href="#__codelineno-25-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-23" name="__codelineno-25-23" href="#__codelineno-25-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mutableListOf</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex?&gt;</span><span class="p">()</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-24" name="__codelineno-25-24" href="#__codelineno-25-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊表，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-24" name="__codelineno-25-24" href="#__codelineno-25-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-25" name="__codelineno-25-25" href="#__codelineno-25-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HashSet</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex?&gt;</span><span class="p">()</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-26" name="__codelineno-25-26" href="#__codelineno-25-26"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-27" name="__codelineno-25-27" href="#__codelineno-25-27"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span>
@@ -4523,9 +4549,28 @@
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_dfs.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1" href="#__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2" href="#__codelineno-26-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-3" name="__codelineno-26-3" href="#__codelineno-26-3"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">graph_dfs</span><span class="p">}</span>
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_dfs.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1" href="#__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="c1">### 深度優先走訪輔助函式 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2" href="#__codelineno-26-2"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-3" name="__codelineno-26-3" href="#__codelineno-26-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 記錄訪問頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-4" name="__codelineno-26-4" href="#__codelineno-26-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 標記該頂點已被訪問</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-5" name="__codelineno-26-5" href="#__codelineno-26-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 走訪該頂點的所有鄰接頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-6" name="__codelineno-26-6" href="#__codelineno-26-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">adj_list</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="o">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-7" name="__codelineno-26-7" href="#__codelineno-26-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">include?</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 跳過已被訪問的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-8" name="__codelineno-26-8" href="#__codelineno-26-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 遞迴訪問鄰接頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-9" name="__codelineno-26-9" href="#__codelineno-26-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-10" name="__codelineno-26-10" href="#__codelineno-26-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-11" name="__codelineno-26-11" href="#__codelineno-26-11"></a><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-12" name="__codelineno-26-12" href="#__codelineno-26-12"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-13" name="__codelineno-26-13" href="#__codelineno-26-13"></a><span class="c1">### 深度優先走訪 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-14" name="__codelineno-26-14" href="#__codelineno-26-14"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">graph_dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-15" name="__codelineno-26-15" href="#__codelineno-26-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 使用鄰接表來表示圖，以便獲取指定頂點的所有鄰接頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-16" name="__codelineno-26-16" href="#__codelineno-26-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 頂點走訪序列</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-17" name="__codelineno-26-17" href="#__codelineno-26-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-18" name="__codelineno-26-18" href="#__codelineno-26-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 雜湊集合，用於記錄已被訪問過的頂點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-19" name="__codelineno-26-19" href="#__codelineno-26-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">Set</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">new</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-20" name="__codelineno-26-20" href="#__codelineno-26-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-21" name="__codelineno-26-21" href="#__codelineno-26-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-22" name="__codelineno-26-22" href="#__codelineno-26-22"></a><span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
@@ -4593,7 +4638,7 @@
</div>
<h3 id="2_1">2. &nbsp; 複雜度分析<a class="headerlink" href="#2_1" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p><strong>時間複雜度</strong>：所有頂點都會被訪問 <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span> 次，使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(|V|)\)</span> 時間；所有邊都會被訪問 <span class="arithmatex">\(2\)</span> 次，使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(2|E|)\)</span> 時間；總體使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(|V| + |E|)\)</span> 時間。</p>
<p><strong>空間複雜度</strong>：串列 <code>res</code> ，雜湊表 <code>visited</code> 頂點數量最多為 <span class="arithmatex">\(|V|\)</span> ，遞迴深度最大為 <span class="arithmatex">\(|V|\)</span> ，因此使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(|V|)\)</span> 空間。</p>
<p><strong>空間複雜度</strong>：串列 <code>res</code> ，雜湊集合 <code>visited</code> 頂點數量最多為 <span class="arithmatex">\(|V|\)</span> ，遞迴深度最大為 <span class="arithmatex">\(|V|\)</span> ，因此使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(|V|)\)</span> 空間。</p>
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zh-hant/chapter_heap/heap/index.html
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@@ -4336,11 +4336,20 @@
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">my_heap.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1" href="#__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="no">MaxHeap</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">left</span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2" href="#__codelineno-26-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-3" name="__codelineno-26-3" href="#__codelineno-26-3"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="no">MaxHeap</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">right</span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-4" name="__codelineno-26-4" href="#__codelineno-26-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-5" name="__codelineno-26-5" href="#__codelineno-26-5"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="no">MaxHeap</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">}</span>
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">my_heap.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1" href="#__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="c1">### 獲取左子節點的索引 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2" href="#__codelineno-26-2"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-3" name="__codelineno-26-3" href="#__codelineno-26-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-4" name="__codelineno-26-4" href="#__codelineno-26-4"></a><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-5" name="__codelineno-26-5" href="#__codelineno-26-5"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-6" name="__codelineno-26-6" href="#__codelineno-26-6"></a><span class="c1">### 獲取右子節點的索引 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-7" name="__codelineno-26-7" href="#__codelineno-26-7"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-8" name="__codelineno-26-8" href="#__codelineno-26-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-9" name="__codelineno-26-9" href="#__codelineno-26-9"></a><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-10" name="__codelineno-26-10" href="#__codelineno-26-10"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-11" name="__codelineno-26-11" href="#__codelineno-26-11"></a><span class="c1">### 獲取父節點的索引 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-12" name="__codelineno-26-12" href="#__codelineno-26-12"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">parent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-13" name="__codelineno-26-13" href="#__codelineno-26-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 向下整除</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-14" name="__codelineno-26-14" href="#__codelineno-26-14"></a><span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
@@ -4451,7 +4460,10 @@
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">my_heap.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-40-1" name="__codelineno-40-1" href="#__codelineno-40-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="no">MaxHeap</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">peek</span><span class="p">}</span>
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">my_heap.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-40-1" name="__codelineno-40-1" href="#__codelineno-40-1"></a><span class="c1">### 訪問堆積頂元素 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-2" name="__codelineno-40-2" href="#__codelineno-40-2"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">peek</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-3" name="__codelineno-40-3" href="#__codelineno-40-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@max_heap</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-4" name="__codelineno-40-4" href="#__codelineno-40-4"></a><span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
@@ -4821,9 +4833,27 @@
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">my_heap.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-54-1" name="__codelineno-54-1" href="#__codelineno-54-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="no">MaxHeap</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">push</span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-2" name="__codelineno-54-2" href="#__codelineno-54-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-54-3" name="__codelineno-54-3" href="#__codelineno-54-3"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="no">MaxHeap</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">sift_up</span><span class="p">}</span>
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">my_heap.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-54-1" name="__codelineno-54-1" href="#__codelineno-54-1"></a><span class="c1">### 元素入堆積 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-2" name="__codelineno-54-2" href="#__codelineno-54-2"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">push</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-3" name="__codelineno-54-3" href="#__codelineno-54-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 新增節點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-4" name="__codelineno-54-4" href="#__codelineno-54-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@max_heap</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-5" name="__codelineno-54-5" href="#__codelineno-54-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 從底至頂堆積化</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-6" name="__codelineno-54-6" href="#__codelineno-54-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sift_up</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-7" name="__codelineno-54-7" href="#__codelineno-54-7"></a><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-8" name="__codelineno-54-8" href="#__codelineno-54-8"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-54-9" name="__codelineno-54-9" href="#__codelineno-54-9"></a><span class="c1">### 從節點 i 開始，從底至頂堆積化 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-10" name="__codelineno-54-10" href="#__codelineno-54-10"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">sift_up</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-11" name="__codelineno-54-11" href="#__codelineno-54-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">loop</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">do</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-12" name="__codelineno-54-12" href="#__codelineno-54-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 獲取節點 i 的父節點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-13" name="__codelineno-54-13" href="#__codelineno-54-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">p</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-14" name="__codelineno-54-14" href="#__codelineno-54-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 當“越過根節點”或“節點無須修復”時，結束堆積化</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-15" name="__codelineno-54-15" href="#__codelineno-54-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">break</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">p</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@max_heap</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@max_heap</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="nb">p</span><span class="o">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-16" name="__codelineno-54-16" href="#__codelineno-54-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 交換兩節點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-17" name="__codelineno-54-17" href="#__codelineno-54-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">swap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">p</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-18" name="__codelineno-54-18" href="#__codelineno-54-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 迴圈向上堆積化</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-19" name="__codelineno-54-19" href="#__codelineno-54-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">p</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-20" name="__codelineno-54-20" href="#__codelineno-54-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-21" name="__codelineno-54-21" href="#__codelineno-54-21"></a><span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
@@ -5242,7 +5272,7 @@
<a id="__codelineno-65-7" name="__codelineno-65-7" href="#__codelineno-65-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 交換根節點與最右葉節點（交換首元素與尾元素）</span>
<a id="__codelineno-65-8" name="__codelineno-65-8" href="#__codelineno-65-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">swap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-65-9" name="__codelineno-65-9" href="#__codelineno-65-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 刪除節點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-65-10" name="__codelineno-65-10" href="#__codelineno-65-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">max_heap</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-65-10" name="__codelineno-65-10" href="#__codelineno-65-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">max_heap</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">unwrap</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-65-11" name="__codelineno-65-11" href="#__codelineno-65-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 從頂至底堆積化</span>
<a id="__codelineno-65-12" name="__codelineno-65-12" href="#__codelineno-65-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">sift_down</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-65-13" name="__codelineno-65-13" href="#__codelineno-65-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 返回堆積頂元素</span>
@@ -5354,9 +5384,37 @@
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">my_heap.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-68-1" name="__codelineno-68-1" href="#__codelineno-68-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="no">MaxHeap</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-2" name="__codelineno-68-2" href="#__codelineno-68-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-68-3" name="__codelineno-68-3" href="#__codelineno-68-3"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="no">MaxHeap</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">sift_down</span><span class="p">}</span>
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">my_heap.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-68-1" name="__codelineno-68-1" href="#__codelineno-68-1"></a><span class="c1">### 元素出堆積 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-2" name="__codelineno-68-2" href="#__codelineno-68-2"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">pop</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-3" name="__codelineno-68-3" href="#__codelineno-68-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 判空處理</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-4" name="__codelineno-68-4" href="#__codelineno-68-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">raise</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">IndexError</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;堆積為空&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">is_empty?</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-5" name="__codelineno-68-5" href="#__codelineno-68-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 交換根節點與最右葉節點（交換首元素與尾元素）</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-6" name="__codelineno-68-6" href="#__codelineno-68-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">swap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-7" name="__codelineno-68-7" href="#__codelineno-68-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 刪除節點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-8" name="__codelineno-68-8" href="#__codelineno-68-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@max_heap</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-9" name="__codelineno-68-9" href="#__codelineno-68-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 從頂至底堆積化</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-10" name="__codelineno-68-10" href="#__codelineno-68-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sift_down</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-11" name="__codelineno-68-11" href="#__codelineno-68-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 返回堆積頂元素</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-12" name="__codelineno-68-12" href="#__codelineno-68-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">val</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-13" name="__codelineno-68-13" href="#__codelineno-68-13"></a><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-14" name="__codelineno-68-14" href="#__codelineno-68-14"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-68-15" name="__codelineno-68-15" href="#__codelineno-68-15"></a><span class="c1">### 從節點 i 開始，從頂至底堆積化 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-16" name="__codelineno-68-16" href="#__codelineno-68-16"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">sift_down</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-17" name="__codelineno-68-17" href="#__codelineno-68-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">loop</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">do</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-18" name="__codelineno-68-18" href="#__codelineno-68-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 判斷節點 i, l, r 中值最大的節點，記為 ma</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-19" name="__codelineno-68-19" href="#__codelineno-68-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">l</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">r</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ma</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-20" name="__codelineno-68-20" href="#__codelineno-68-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ma</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">l</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">l</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@max_heap</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">l</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@max_heap</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">ma</span><span class="o">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-21" name="__codelineno-68-21" href="#__codelineno-68-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ma</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">r</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">r</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@max_heap</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">r</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vi">@max_heap</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">ma</span><span class="o">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-22" name="__codelineno-68-22" href="#__codelineno-68-22"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-68-23" name="__codelineno-68-23" href="#__codelineno-68-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 若節點 i 最大或索引 l, r 越界，則無須繼續堆積化，跳出</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-24" name="__codelineno-68-24" href="#__codelineno-68-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">break</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ma</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-25" name="__codelineno-68-25" href="#__codelineno-68-25"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-68-26" name="__codelineno-68-26" href="#__codelineno-68-26"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 交換兩節點</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-27" name="__codelineno-68-27" href="#__codelineno-68-27"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">swap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ma</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-28" name="__codelineno-68-28" href="#__codelineno-68-28"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 迴圈向下堆積化</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-29" name="__codelineno-68-29" href="#__codelineno-68-29"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ma</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-30" name="__codelineno-68-30" href="#__codelineno-68-30"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-68-31" name="__codelineno-68-31" href="#__codelineno-68-31"></a><span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
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</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">top_k.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1" href="#__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="o">-[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">top_k_heap</span><span class="p">}</span>
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">top_k.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1" href="#__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="c1">### 基於堆積查詢陣列中最大的 k 個元素 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2" href="#__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">top_k_heap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nums</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">k</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3" href="#__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 初始化小頂堆積</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4" href="#__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 請注意：我們將堆積中所有元素取反，從而用大頂堆積來模擬小頂堆積</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5" href="#__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">max_heap</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">MaxHeap</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6" href="#__codelineno-12-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7" href="#__codelineno-12-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 將陣列的前 k 個元素入堆積</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8" href="#__codelineno-12-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="n">k</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-9" name="__codelineno-12-9" href="#__codelineno-12-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">push_min_heap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max_heap</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nums</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-10" name="__codelineno-12-10" href="#__codelineno-12-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-11" name="__codelineno-12-11" href="#__codelineno-12-11"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-12-12" name="__codelineno-12-12" href="#__codelineno-12-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 從第 k+1 個元素開始，保持堆積的長度為 k</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-13" name="__codelineno-12-13" href="#__codelineno-12-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">k</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="n">nums</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">length</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-14" name="__codelineno-12-14" href="#__codelineno-12-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 若當前元素大於堆積頂元素，則將堆積頂元素出堆積、當前元素入堆積</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-15" name="__codelineno-12-15" href="#__codelineno-12-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nums</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">peek_min_heap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max_heap</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-16" name="__codelineno-12-16" href="#__codelineno-12-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pop_min_heap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max_heap</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-17" name="__codelineno-12-17" href="#__codelineno-12-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">push_min_heap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max_heap</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nums</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-18" name="__codelineno-12-18" href="#__codelineno-12-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-19" name="__codelineno-12-19" href="#__codelineno-12-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-20" name="__codelineno-12-20" href="#__codelineno-12-20"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-12-21" name="__codelineno-12-21" href="#__codelineno-12-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">get_min_heap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max_heap</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-22" name="__codelineno-12-22" href="#__codelineno-12-22"></a><span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
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<label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
1.3 &nbsp; 小結
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
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<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="目錄">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
目錄
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#1-q-a" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
1. &nbsp; Q &amp; A
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
@@ -3490,6 +3529,23 @@
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
目錄
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#1-q-a" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
1. &nbsp; Q &amp; A
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
@@ -3534,6 +3590,15 @@
<li>資料結構與演算法緊密相連。資料結構是演算法的基石，而演算法是資料結構發揮作用的舞臺。</li>
<li>我們可以將資料結構與演算法類比為拼裝積木，積木代表資料，積木的形狀和連線方式等代表資料結構，拼裝積木的步驟則對應演算法。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="1-q-a">1. &nbsp; Q &amp; A<a class="headerlink" href="#1-q-a" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p><strong>Q</strong>：作為一名程式設計師，我在日常工作中從未用演算法解決過問題，常用演算法都被程式語言封裝好了，直接用就可以了；這是否意味著我們工作中的問題還沒有到達需要演算法的程度？</p>
<p>如果把具體的工作技能比作是武功的“招式”的話，那麼基礎科目應該更像是“內功”。</p>
<p>我認為學演算法（以及其他基礎科目）的意義不是在於在工作中從零實現它，而是基於學到的知識，在解決問題時能夠作出專業的反應和判斷，從而提升工作的整體質量。舉一個簡單例子，每種程式語言都內建了排序函式：</p>
<ul>
<li>如果我們沒有學過資料結構與演算法，那麼給定任何資料，我們可能都塞給這個排序函式去做了。執行順暢、效能不錯，看上去並沒有什麼問題。</li>
<li>但如果學過演算法，我們就會知道內建排序函式的時間複雜度是 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(n \log n)\)</span> ；而如果給定的資料是固定位數的整數（例如學號），那麼我們就可以用效率更高的“基數排序”來做，將時間複雜度降為 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(nk)\)</span> ，其中 <span class="arithmatex">\(k\)</span> 為位數。當資料體量很大時，節省出來的執行時間就能創造較大價值（成本降低、體驗變好等）。</li>
</ul>
<p>在工程領域中，大量問題是難以達到最優解的，許多問題只是被“差不多”地解決了。問題的難易程度一方面取決於問題本身的性質，另一方面也取決於觀測問題的人的知識儲備。人的知識越完備、經驗越多，分析問題就會越深入，問題就能被解決得更優雅。</p>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
<p>設平衡因子為 <span class="arithmatex">\(f\)</span> ，則一棵 AVL 樹的任意節點的平衡因子皆滿足 <span class="arithmatex">\(-1 \le f \le 1\)</span> 。</p>
</div>
<h2 id="752-avl">7.5.2 &nbsp; AVL 樹旋轉<a class="headerlink" href="#752-avl" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
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</details>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
<p>需要注意的是，插入節點可能會改變二元樹的原有邏輯結構，而刪除節點通常意味著刪除該節點及其所有子樹。因此，在二元樹中，插入與刪除通常是由一套操作配合完成的，以實現有實際意義的操作。</p>
</div>
<h2 id="713">7.1.3 &nbsp; 常見二元樹型別<a class="headerlink" href="#713" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
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