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<h3 id="2">2. &nbsp; 快速幂是怎样减少计算的<a class="headerlink" href="#2" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>下面的递归函数用分治计算 <span class="arithmatex">\(x^n\)</span></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">fast_pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a> <span class="n">half</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fast_pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">//</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">half</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">half</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7" href="#__codelineno-0-7"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">half</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">half</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">x</span>
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="1:13"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_1_1" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_2" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_3" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_4" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_5" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_6" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_7" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_8" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_9" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_10" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_11" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_12" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_13" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_1_1">Python</label><label for="__tabbed_1_2">C++</label><label for="__tabbed_1_3">Java</label><label for="__tabbed_1_4">C#</label><label for="__tabbed_1_5">Go</label><label for="__tabbed_1_6">Swift</label><label for="__tabbed_1_7">JS</label><label for="__tabbed_1_8">TS</label><label for="__tabbed_1_9">Dart</label><label for="__tabbed_1_10">Rust</label><label for="__tabbed_1_11">C</label><label for="__tabbed_1_12">Kotlin</label><label for="__tabbed_1_13">Ruby</label></div>
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">fast_power.py</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">fast_pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;快速幂&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a> <span class="n">half</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fast_pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">//</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7" href="#__codelineno-0-7"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">half</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">half</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8" href="#__codelineno-0-8"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">half</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">half</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">x</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>用它计算 <code>fast_pow(3, 5)</code></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">fast_power.cpp</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 快速幂 */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">fastPow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3" href="#__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4" href="#__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5" href="#__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6" href="#__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fastPow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7" href="#__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8" href="#__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9" href="#__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10" href="#__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11" href="#__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">fast_power.java</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 快速幂 */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2" href="#__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">fastPow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4" href="#__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5" href="#__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6" href="#__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fastPow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7" href="#__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8" href="#__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9" href="#__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10" href="#__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11" href="#__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">fast_power.cs</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 快速幂 */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2" href="#__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">FastPow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3" href="#__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4" href="#__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5" href="#__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6" href="#__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FastPow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7" href="#__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8" href="#__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9" href="#__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10" href="#__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11" href="#__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">fast_power.go</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 快速幂 */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2" href="#__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="kd">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fastPow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3" href="#__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4" href="#__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5" href="#__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6" href="#__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fastPow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">n</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7" href="#__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">n</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8" href="#__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">half</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9" href="#__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10" href="#__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">x</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11" href="#__codelineno-4-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">fast_power.swift</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 快速幂 */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2" href="#__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="kd">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">fastPow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Int</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3" href="#__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4" href="#__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5" href="#__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6" href="#__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fastPow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7" href="#__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8" href="#__codelineno-5-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9" href="#__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10" href="#__codelineno-5-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11" href="#__codelineno-5-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">fast_power.js</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 快速幂 */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2" href="#__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fastPow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">n</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3" href="#__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4" href="#__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5" href="#__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6" href="#__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fastPow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">floor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">));</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7" href="#__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8" href="#__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">half</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9" href="#__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10" href="#__codelineno-6-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">x</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11" href="#__codelineno-6-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">fast_power.ts</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1" href="#__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 快速幂 */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2" href="#__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fastPow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">x</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">n</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">number</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3" href="#__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4" href="#__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5" href="#__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6" href="#__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fastPow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">floor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">));</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7" href="#__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8" href="#__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">half</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9" href="#__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10" href="#__codelineno-7-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">x</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11" href="#__codelineno-7-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">fast_power.dart</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1" href="#__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 快速幂 */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2" href="#__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fastPow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3" href="#__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4" href="#__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5" href="#__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6" href="#__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fastPow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">~/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7" href="#__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8" href="#__codelineno-8-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9" href="#__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10" href="#__codelineno-8-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-11" name="__codelineno-8-11" href="#__codelineno-8-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">fast_power.rs</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1" href="#__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 快速幂 */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2" href="#__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">fast_pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3" href="#__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4" href="#__codelineno-9-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5" href="#__codelineno-9-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-6" name="__codelineno-9-6" href="#__codelineno-9-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fast_pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-7" name="__codelineno-9-7" href="#__codelineno-9-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-8" name="__codelineno-9-8" href="#__codelineno-9-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-9" name="__codelineno-9-9" href="#__codelineno-9-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-10" name="__codelineno-9-10" href="#__codelineno-9-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-11" name="__codelineno-9-11" href="#__codelineno-9-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">fast_power.c</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1" href="#__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 快速幂 */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2" href="#__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">fastPow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3" href="#__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4" href="#__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5" href="#__codelineno-10-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6" href="#__codelineno-10-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fastPow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-7" name="__codelineno-10-7" href="#__codelineno-10-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-8" name="__codelineno-10-8" href="#__codelineno-10-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-9" name="__codelineno-10-9" href="#__codelineno-10-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-10" name="__codelineno-10-10" href="#__codelineno-10-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-11" name="__codelineno-10-11" href="#__codelineno-10-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">fast_power.kt</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1" href="#__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 快速幂 */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2" href="#__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="kd">fun</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">fastPow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Int</span><span class="p">):</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3" href="#__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4" href="#__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5" href="#__codelineno-11-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6" href="#__codelineno-11-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fastPow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7" href="#__codelineno-11-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8" href="#__codelineno-11-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-9" name="__codelineno-11-9" href="#__codelineno-11-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-10" name="__codelineno-11-10" href="#__codelineno-11-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-11" name="__codelineno-11-11" href="#__codelineno-11-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">fast_power.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1" href="#__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="c1">### 快速幂 ###</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2" href="#__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">fast_pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3" href="#__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4" href="#__codelineno-12-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5" href="#__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fast_pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6" href="#__codelineno-12-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">even?</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7" href="#__codelineno-12-7"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8" href="#__codelineno-12-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">half</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-9" name="__codelineno-12-9" href="#__codelineno-12-9"></a><span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><code>x = 3</code><code>n = 5</code>,用这个函数计算:</p>
<!-- numbered-subquestions -->
<ol>
<li>递归调用时,参数 <code>n</code> 依次变成哪些值?</li>
<li>从最深层开始返回时,各层依次返回什么值?</li>
<li>为什么要先保存 <code>half</code>,而不是<code>fast_pow(x, n // 2)</code> 写两遍</li>
<li>为什么要先把递归结果保存 <code>half</code>,而不是在乘法两边各调用一次相同的子问题</li>
</ol>
<details class="success">
<summary>参考答案</summary>
@@ -4886,7 +5059,7 @@
<code>n = 2</code> 时返回 <span class="arithmatex">\(3×3=9\)</span><code>n = 5</code> 时返回 <span class="arithmatex">\(9×9×3=243\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>如果<code>fast_pow(x, n // 2)</code> 在乘法两边各写一次,两次递归会计算完全相同的子问题
<p>如果在乘法两边各调用一次相同的子问题,两次递归会进行完全相同的计算
先把结果保存为 <code>half</code>,每层就只递归一次,递归深度约为 <span class="arithmatex">\(\log n\)</span>
调用两次会造成大量重复计算。</p>
</li>